ÿWPCh  *æX[Q°?%ørH"'£ø÷Di³Êûœ3¤ã}§Í²“ÏWƒ°añƒÃ%; s| *êr¾dH5Ê+ü¦F~hî×Õí°xë¹®¨•ª‰v¹âšZã GמäâÇu=hÀ?Ev»¾A½-c²f*¾õ€ŒÌË,•V˜–·z…pz§bóuÖzAð3õÑF§üyVz]£÷•èò‚xÌÉáîxa<»%¾;Ë8Õ ½’>eLëd&GK…\–S‚8;8vvš,5:狯¢MúñOm6aQHج×w=¤ý°CöWèO.Nr_õ1ªÈ¬¬•Ù½0 ±eTõì䦔®·\Å•ï•S@» #IYB|œ‹€Ø“oÝÆ_ƒÍ'êKzhÅ¥òíú;n‡Ü‰Ö çË1Û¨y:F:2ãú2³ømH»†Ø³@se_3n²‚­\õ ÁwL†ÃgÆs›¹n1QÊó‹G0På½A×´ž÷'+óÄAw¹¹$2.‡¶Îjç.>KA÷}=£/ÿP¨Þ"$ÎÞÔØÄÔ[ÆÅËy Š±<ò¶=ô‰eBí8t-C/½)ÚžÌÅWj&H<㉌CãbE ʶP†£n\ãMÚ6#!ôUAN %c 0(iw@‘4ÑåfôNö^ ø m 1u 0c’¢õ 0D— CÛEõf÷aùa f! a# ¢7 7 7 7 7 7 MÙ BÝ 0Lú F fN MP P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P aT ˜HP LaserJet 5Si/5Si M (Copy 2)ÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ E eFGeHIeJeKLMNÀ{{ô&3|xNÔÒºú&äÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à ˜Ý ƒ¯'ÝÝ  ÝDRAFT:€July€16,€1999à€(#(#K(#àˆÐ ° ÐßA€) °°xdE°›xAß(3¯$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝõÿÿÿÿdÔTABLE BTABLE AÔTABLE C ˜Ý ƒ¯'ÝÝ  ÝDRAFT:€July€16,€1999à€(#(#K(#àˆÐ ° ÐßA€) °°xdE°›xAß d>c$"Small Circleð"ðà0 àÔTABLE GÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝñJñÖ€ÿÿÖñJññJñÖ€ÿÿÖñJñÔ‡¼Üo»XXÔÓ  Óò òÑ8€e8XXdìdÈ8ÑÔ_ÔWestern€Regional€Air€PartnershipÐ s ÐRegional€Haze€BART€(Trading€Program€Option)€ó óÐ ‡ ÐÓxÓÔ#†Xe8X»¼ÜoY#ÔÌò òI.€€Purposeó óÐ ‡  ÐÌThe€purpose€of€this€document€is€to€provide€a€consistent€methodology€for€western€states€that€areÏdeveloping€a€demonstration€that€a€regional€SOòò2óó€trading€program€will€meet€the€requirement€toÐ K Ø Ðaddress€best€available€retrofit€technology€(BART)€for€regional€haze€,€as€provided€in€ò òsection€309ó óÐ 7 Ä Ðof€the€regional€haze€rule.€€The€rule€allows€the€western€states€to€meet€BART€requirement€throughÏthe€establishment€of€emission€milestones,€with€provisions€to€implement€a€backstop€emissionÏtrading€program€to€ensure€that€the€milestones€are€met.€€The€states€must€demonstrate€that€theÏmilestones€will€achieve€greater€reasonable€progress€than€the€implementation€of€case„by„caseÏregional€haze€BART€under€section€308€of€the€rule.€€This€methodology€will€be€used€to€estimateÏthe€emission€reductions€that€would€be€achieved€in€the€region€if€case„by„case€BART€wasÏimplemented.€€ÌThe€complete€demonstration€will€be€submitted€to€EPA€as€part€of€the€Annex€to€the€Grand€CanyonÏVisibility€Transport€Commission€Recommendations€in€October,€2000.€€This€methodology€isÏbeing€developed€by€the€Western€Regional€Air€Partnership€(WRAP)€which€is€the€successorÏorganization€to€the€Grand€Canyon€Visibility€Transport€Commission.€€The€western€states€expectÏthat€the€development€of€this€methodology€will€be€a€valuable€source€of€information€for€theÏEnvironmental€Protection€Agency€during€the€development€of€national€guidance€on€regional€hazeÏBART.€€€ÌÌò òThis€document€does€not€address€reasonably€attributable€BART,€which€is€a€separateÐ ûˆ Ðrequirement€under€the€regional€haze€rule.€€Nor€does€this€document€address€theÏdetermination€of€regional€haze€BART€on€a€case„by„case€basis€which€is€also€allowed€underÏsection€308€of€the€regional€haze€rule.€€Finally,€while€this€document€may€be€a€good€startingÏpoint,€it€is€not€intended€to€define€the€methodology€for€meeting€regional€haze€BART€throughÏan€emission€trading€program€under€section€308€of€the€rule.€€Differences€in€timing€ofÏreductions,€geographic€scope€of€the€program€and€visibility€impacts€may€lead€to€significantÏdifferences€in€methodology.€ó ó€€Ð o"ü ÐÌBART€requirements€for€SOòò2óó€must€be€addressed€in€the€Annex€by€October,€2000.€€BARTÐ K$Ø  Ðrequirements€for€PM€and€NOòòxóó€must€then€be€included€in€State€Implementation€Plans€that€are€dueÐ 7%Ä! Ðin€December€2003€and€further€clarified€by€December€2008.€€This€methodology€is€initiallyÏfocused€on€SOòò2óó.€€The€western€states€intend€to€re„evaluate€this€methodology€in€the€future€toÐ 'œ # Ðdetermine€whether€it€will€also€be€appropriate€for€PM€and€NOòòxóó€under€section€309€of€the€regionalÐ û'ˆ!$ Ðhaze€rule.€€ÌÌAn€important€aspect€of€this€methodology€is€that€ò òthe€western€states€do€not€expect€that€the€SOòò2óóÐ ¿*L$' Ðemission€controls€identified€for€regional€haze€BART€will€actually€be€required€for€individualÐ ¯+<%( Ðsources€in€the€westó ó.€€Instead,€greater€reasonable€progress€will€occur€due€to€expected€declines€inÐ s Ðemissions€from€stationary€sources,€voluntary€measures,€and€if€necessary€the€implementation€of€aÏbackstop€emission€trading€program.€€All€of€these€options€provide€much€greater€flexibility€thanÏtraditional€command„and„control€programs€such€as€BART.€€Once€the€Annex€has€been€completed,Ïthe€WRAP€will€examine€the€feasibility€of€expanding€the€backstop€trading€program€to€otherÏpollutants€and€emission€sources,€including€the€possibility€of€addressing€regional€haze€BART€forÏPM€and€NOòòxóó€through€the€backstop€program.Ð ÿ Œ ÐÌò òA.€€Guidance€Usedó óÐ × d ÐÌBecause€regional€haze€BART€is€a€new€requirement,€there€is€no€existing€guidance€for€determiningÏgreater€reasonable€progress€through€the€establishment€of€milestones,€and€a€backstop€emissionÏtrading€program.€€The€most€relevant€guidance€is€found€in€the€preamble€to€the€regional€haze€rule,Ïwhich€was€the€primary€reference€used€by€the€western€states€when€developing€this€methodology.€ÌÌFederal€guidance€was€developed€in€1980€to€address€BART€for€source€attribution,€which€is€aÏseparate€requirement€of€the€visibility€rule.€The€States€evaluated€the€1980€BART€guidance€and€theÏRegional€Haze€Rule€and€preamble€for€use€during€the€development€of€this€guidance€document.€€ÏAfter€discussions€with€State€legal€counsel€the€States€determined€that€the€1980€guidance€wasÏwritten€specifically€to€address€source€attribution€BART€rather€than€regional€haze€BART.€ÏBecause€the€regional€haze€rule€and€preamble€address€regional€haze€BART€rather€than€sourceÏattribution€BART€these€sources€were€chosen€as€the€basis€for€this€methodology.€€ÌÌGuidance€documents€and€case€history€for€PSD€and€NSR€were€also€used€as€references€for€thisÏmethodology.€€There€are€similar€applicability€and€control€technology€issues,€and€the€states€reliedÏon€more€than€20€years€of€experience€with€these€permitting€programs€to€answer€some€of€theÏrelevant€questions.ÌÌÌò òII.€€List€of€BART„Eligible€Sourcesó óÐ 3!À ÐÌThe€first€step€in€developing€a€demonstration€that€the€emission€reduction€milestones€will€achieveÏgreater€reasonable€progress€than€BART€is€to€develop€a€list€of€all€BART„eligible€sources€withinÏthe€State.€€The€regional€haze€rule€contains€the€following€definitions:ÌÌà0  àà ` à(hh)€ò òBART„eligible€sourceó ó€means€an€existing€stationary€facility€as€defined€inÐ »&H # Ðsection€51.301(e).€€€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` à(e)€€ò òExisting€stationary€facilityó ó€means€any€of€the€following€stationary€sources€ofÐ ƒ)#& Ðair€pollutants,€including€any€reconstructed€source,€which€was€not€in€operation€prior€toÏAugust€7,€1962,€and€was€in€existence€on€August€7,€1977,€and€has€the€potential€to€emitÐ _+ì$( Ð250€tons€per€year€or€more€of€any€air€pollutant.€€In€determining€potential€to€emit,€fugitiveÏemissions,€to€the€extent€quantifiable,€must€be€counted.€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` à€€€€(1)€Fossil„fuel€fired€steam€electric€plants€of€more€than€250€million€BritishÏthermal€units€per€hour€heat€input,Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(2)€Coal€cleaning€plants€(thermal€dryers),Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(3)€Kraft€pulp€mills,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(4)€Portland€cement€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(5)€Primary€zinc€smelters,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(6)€Iron€and€steel€mill€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(7)€Primary€aluminum€ore€reduction€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(8)€Primary€copper€smelters,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` à€€€€(9)€Municipal€incinerators€capable€of€charging€more€than€250€tons€of€refuse€perÏday,Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(10)€Hydrofluoric,€sulfuric,€and€nitric€acid€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(11)€Petroleum€refineries,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(12)€Lime€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(13)€Phosphate€rock€processing€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(14)€Coke€oven€batteries,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(15)€Sulfur€recovery€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(16)€Carbon€black€plants€(furnace€process),Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(17)€Primary€lead€smelters,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(18)€Fuel€conversion€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(19)€Sintering€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(20)€Secondary€metal€production€facilities,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(21)€Chemical€process€plants,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` à€€€€(22)€Fossil„fuel€boilers€of€more€than€250€million€British€thermal€units€per€hourÏheat€input,Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà ` à€€€€(23)€Petroleum€storage€and€transfer€facilities€with€a€capacity€exceeding€300,000Ïbarrels,Ð ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(24)€Taconite€ore€processing€facilities,Ð ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(25)€Glass€fiber€processing€plants,€andÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€€€€(26)€Charcoal€production€facilities.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌThe€following€sections€identify€the€key€elements€in€the€definition€of€existing€stationary€sourceÏthat€should€be€considered€when€determining€whether€a€source€is€BART„eligible.€€ÌÌò òA.€€Unit€by€Unit€Applicabilityó óÐ ("% ÐÌThe€source€should€be€reviewed€at€the€unit€level€rather€than€the€facility€level.€€This€means€that€oneÏfacility€could€have€several€units€that€are€considered€BART„eligible€while€other€units€do€not€meetÏthe€BART€criteria.€€Only€the€BART„eligible€units€should€be€reviewed€to€determine€appropriateÐ ?,Ì%) Ðcontrol€technologies.€€A€unit„by„unit€applicability€determination€will€focus€the€BART€review€andÏpossible€control€requirements€on€the€large€emission€units€at€a€facility.€€ÌÌà0  àEXAMPLE:€A€source€consists€of€6€boilers.€€The€largest€of€the€boilers€has€a€capacity€of€96ÏMMBtu/hr€heat€input.€€The€combined€capacity€of€the€boilers€is€300€MMBtu/hr€heat€input.€ÏOne€of€the€applicability€tests€is€that€the€source€must€belong€to€one€of€the€26€listedÏcategories,€one€of€which€is€fossil„fuel€boilers€of€more€than€250€million€British€thermalÏunits€per€hour€heat€input.€€Since€all€of€the€boilers€are€below€the€250€MMBtu/hr€heat€inputÏcutoff,€none€of€the€units€are€considered€BART„eligible,€even€though€the€combinedÏcapacity€of€the€plant€is€over€250€MMBtu/hr€heat€input.Ð (#(# ÐÌò òB.€€Date€of€Constructionó óÐ —$  ÐÌBART€review€is€limited€to€units€that€were€constructed€during€a€15„year€window€between€1962Ïand€1977.€€There€are€several€nuances€in€the€definition€that€must€be€considered€when€determiningÏif€a€unit€falls€within€this€15„year€window.€€The€unit€must€not€have€been€òòin€operationóó€prior€toÐ GÔ  ÐAugust€7,€1962.€€As€defined€in€the€regional€haze€rule,€ð ðin€operation€means€engaged€in€activityÏrelated€to€the€primary€design€function€of€the€source.ðð€€The€date€that€the€unit€is€permitted€is€notÏimportant€to€meet€this€test€because€the€focus€is€on€actual€operation€of€the€unit.ÌÌIn€addition,€the€unit€must€have€been€òòin€existenceóó€as€of€August€7,€1977.€€As€defined€in€ñKñ51.301(k)Ð ãp Ðof€ñKñthe€ñMññLñvisibility/ñLññMñregional€haze€rule,€ÌÌà0  àIn€existence€means€that€the€owner€or€operator€has€obtained€all€necessary€preconstructionÏapprovals€or€permits€required€by€Federal,€State,€or€local€air€pollution€emissions€and€airÏquality€laws€or€regulations€and€either€has€(1)€begun,€or€caused€to€begin,€a€continuousÏprogram€of€physical€on„site€construction€of€the€facility€or€(2)€entered€into€bindingÏagreements€or€contractual€obligations,€which€cannot€be€canceled€or€modified€withoutÏsubstantial€loss€to€the€owner€or€operator,€to€undertake€a€program€of€construction€of€theÏfacility€to€be€completed€in€a€reasonable€time.Ð (#(# ÐÌThe€actual€date€a€unit€begins€operation€may€not€be€important€to€meet€this€test.€€For€example,€aÏunit€that€did€not€begin€operation€until€1983€may€still€be€considered€BART„eligible€if€the€unit€wasÏpermitted€and€entered€into€binding€contracts€within€the€relevant€timeframe.€€This€informationÏmay€be€difficult€to€obtain€because€20„year€old€records€are€often€not€be€complete.€€The€state€willÏneed€to€work€closely€with€the€source€to€determine€whether€borderline€units€qualify€as€BART„¼eligible€units.€ÌÌIn€addition€to€the€timing€of€initial€construction,€you€must€also€consider€whether€the€unit€has€beenÏreconstructed.€€The€regional€haze€rule€states,€ð ðreconstruction€will€be€presumed€to€have€takenÏplace€where€the€fixed€capital€cost€of€the€new€component€exceeds€50€percent€of€the€fixed€capitalÏcost€of€a€comparable€entirely€new€source.€Any€final€decision€as€to€whether€reconstruction€hasÐ ?,Ì%) Ðoccurred€must€be€made€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€Sec.€60.15€(f)€(1)€through€(3)€of€thisÏtitle.ðð€€Reconstruction€could€affect€the€applicability€of€the€unit€in€several€ways.€€If€the€unit€was€inÏoperation€prior€to€1962,€but€was€reconstructed€within€the€15„year€window€then€it€would€beÏconsidered€BART„eligible.€€On€the€other€hand,€a€unit€that€was€originally€constructed€during€theÏ15„year€window€but€was€then€reconstructed€at€a€later€date€would€then€be€exempt.ÌÌIt€is€important€to€note€that€modifications,€as€defined€for€PSD€and€nonattainment€area€NSR€willÏnot€affect€the€applicability€of€a€unit€unless€the€modification€also€qualifies€as€reconstruction€of€theÏunit.ÌÌò òC.€€Listed€source€categories.€€ó óÐ «8  ÐÌThe€facility€must€fall€within€one€of€the€26€listed€categories€in€the€definition€of€existing€stationaryÏsource.€€These€are€the€same€categories€that€are€included€in€the€definition€of€major€source€underÏPSD.€€PSD€guidance€documents€and€case€history€will€be€useful€to€answer€any€questions€related€toÏthese€categories.ÌÌò òD.€€Potential€Emissionsó óÐ ¬ ÐÌThe€unit€must€have€the€potential€to€emit€250€tons/year€of€SOòò2óó.€€Applicability€for€BART€isÐ ÷„ Ðdetermined€on€a€pollutant„by„pollutant€basis.€€For€example,€if€a€unit€has€the€potential€to€emit€300Ïtons/year€of€NOòòxóó€and€100€tons/year€of€SOòò2óó,€then€the€unit€would€not€be€considered€BART„eligibleÐ Ï\ Ðfor€SOòò2óó.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€determine€the€unitððs€PTE€at€the€time€of€construction.€€Instead€youÐ »H Ðshould€focus€on€the€ò òcurrent€PTEó ó€of€the€unit.Ð §4 ÐÌÌò òIII.€€Determination€of€Appropriate€Control€Technologies€to€Meet€BARTÐ oü Ðó óÌSection€51.308(e)(2)(I)(B)€establishes€the€basic€criteria€that€a€state€should€use€for€determiningÏregional€haze€BART€for€a€source€category€that€will€then€be€used€to€demonstrate€that€the€emissionÏreduction€milestones€(and€backstop€trading€program)€will€achieve€greater€reasonable€progress.€€ÌÌà0  àð ð(B)€€An€analysis€of€the€best€system€of€continuous€emission€control€technology€availableÏand€associated€emission€reductions€achievable€for€each€source€within€the€State€subject€toÏBART.€€In€this€analysis,€the€State€must€take€into€consideration€the€technology€available,Ïthe€costs€of€compliance,€the€energy€and€non„air€quality€environmental€impacts€ofÏcompliance,€any€pollution€control€equipment€in€use€at€the€source,€and€the€remainingÏuseful€life€of€the€source.€€The€best€system€of€continuous€emission€control€technology€andÏthe€above€factors€may€be€determined€on€a€source€category€basis.€€The€State€may€elect€toÏconsider€both€source„specific€and€category„wide€information,€as€appropriate,€inÏconducting€its€analysis.ððÐW+ä$((#(# ЇThere€are€several€key€elements€to€this€analysis.€€The€first€is€that€states€should€identify€availableÏcontrol€technologies,€and€then€consider€additional€factors€to€determine€what€is€BART.€€TheÏfactors€are:ÌÌà  àÝ‚ cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ cÎ=Ýð"ðà0 ` àÝ  Ýthe€costs€of€compliance݃ cÎ=é=ÝŒÐ# °` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚ cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ c}>Ýð"ðà0 ` àÝ  Ýthe€energy€and€non„air€quality€environmental€impacts€of€compliance݃ c}>˜>݌Рœ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚ cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ cW?Ýð"ðà0 ` àÝ  Ýany€pollution€control€equipment€in€use€at€the€source݃ cW?r?ÝŒÐû ˆ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚ cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ c#@Ýð"ðà0 ` àÝ  Ýthe€remaining€useful€life€of€the€source€Ýƒ c#@>@ÝŒÐç t` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌThe€rule€also€specifies€that€the€state€may€consider€both€source„specific€and€category„wideÏinformation€when€conducting€its€analysis.€ÌÌò òA.€€Implications€of€Category€Approach€to€BART€Analysisó óÐ ƒ  ÐÌThe€ability€to€consider€category„wide€information€in€addition€to€source„specific€information€is€aÏmajor€difference€between€case„by„case€regional€haze€BART€under€51.308(e)(1)€and€theÏdevelopment€of€a€BART€estimate€that€will€be€used€as€justification€that€the€emission€reductionÏmilestones€(and€backstop€emission€trading€program)€achieve€greater€reasonable€progress€thanÏBART€under€51.308(e)(2).€€The€focus€of€the€analysis€is€shifted€from€individual€sources€to€theÏoverall€regional€effect.€€Averages€and€other€general€assumptions€that€may€not€be€appropriate€forÏan€individual€source€could€add€up€to€a€very€good€approximation€of€the€regional€emissionÏreductions.€€This€guidance€document€outlines€the€methodology€for€calculating€BART€for€anÏindividual€source€only€as€a€means€for€arriving€at€the€regional€estimate.€€The€numbers€forÏindividual€sources€are€not€intended€to€be€used€outside€of€this€regional€context.ÌÌÌò òB.€€Establishment€of€Emission€Reduction€Milestones€in€Lieu€of€Application€of€BART€toÐ kø ÐSpecific€Sourcesó óÐ Wä ÐÌIt€is€also€important€to€keep€in€mind€that€individual€sources€will€not€be€required€to€install€theÏBART€level€controls€that€are€identified€through€this€analysis.€€Instead,€the€reductions€will€be€metÏthrough€changes€to€increase€productivity,€voluntary€measures,€and€the€possible€implementationÏof€a€backstop€trading€program.€€All€of€these€options€will€provide€a€much€greater€degree€ofÏflexibility€that€the€command„and„control€application€of€case„by„case€BART.€€This€will€have€aÏsignificant€effect€on€how€the€factors€in€the€regional€haze€rule€are€applied.€€For€example,€theÏavailability€of€water€is€one€of€the€non„air€environmental€factors€that€must€be€considered.€€ThisÏfactor€could€affect€whether€a€wet€scrubber€would€be€an€appropriate€control€for€a€particular€plant.€ÏHowever,€there€may€be€roughly€equivalent€technologies€that€could€be€applied€to€a€source€whereÏwater€was€scarce.€€In€this€example,€dry€scrubbing€would€be€an€option.€€As€long€as€the€marketÏprovides€the€flexibility€to€use€equivalent€emission€reductions,€and€category€level€BART€isÏselected€to€reflect€this€flexibility,€the€effect€of€the€factors€will€become€less€significant€at€theÏregional€level.Ð ?,Ì%) Їò òC.€€Timing€of€Estimated€BART€Reductionsó óÐ s ÐÌOne€significant€difference€between€case„by„case€BART€and€the€western€states€plan€to€meetÏregional€haze€BART€through€the€establishment€of€emission€reduction€milestones€(along€with€aÏbackstop€trading€program)€is€the€timing€of€reductions.€€The€emission€reductions€need€to€occur€byÏthe€end€of€the€first€long€range€planning€period€in€2018.€€This€date€is€almost€20€years€in€the€futureÏwhich€has€significant€implications€on€the€need€to€develop€a€detailed€analysis€of€the€costs€andÏfeasibilities€of€different€technologies.€€For€example,€a€source€that€is€required€to€install€a€new€SOòò2óóÐ ç t Ðscrubber€within€5€years€will€need€to€be€looking€at€immediate€costs€and€potential€problems,€suchÏas€siting€issues€and€the€availability€of€water.€€€When€looking€at€controls€that€would€theoreticallyÏbe€installed€in€20€years,€however,€it€is€very€difficult€to€predict€what€issues€the€source€would€faceÏat€that€time.ÌÌWhile€the€timing€of€the€emission€reductions€makes€it€difficult€to€predict€factors€such€as€cost,€itÏalso€provides€tremendous€flexibility€and€planning€possibilities.€€For€example,€a€cyclical€industryÏmay€have€difficulty€raising€the€capital€that€is€needed€to€install€new€control€equipment€within€theÏnext€5€years.€€With€a€20„year€planning€cycle,€these€industries€can€plan€for€the€upcoming€emissionÏreductions€requirements€that€will€be€required€by€the€regional€emission€reduction€targets.€€ThisÏwill€reduce€the€impact€of€the€BART€requirements.€ÌÌò òD.€€Process€Used€to€Apply€Factors€ó óÐ ãp ÐÌRather€than€going€through€the€factors€individually,€it€is€recommended€that€the€factors€be€appliedÏat€each€decision€point€in€the€development€of€BART€for€a€source€category.€€In€some€cases€theÏfactors€are€applied€in€a€qualitative€way,€and€in€others€they€are€applied€as€specific€numbers€orÏestimates.ÌÌò òE.€€Identification€of€the€appropriate€range€of€technologiesó óÐ Wä ÐÌFor€individual€source€categories€there€is€a€wide€range€of€control€techniques€that€could€be€applied.€ÏThese€range€from€outdated€and€ineffective€controls€to€cutting€edge,€experimental€technologies.€ÏRather€than€identifying€all€of€these€possibilities,€it€is€better€to€focus€on€the€kinds€of€emissionÏcontrols€that€are€currently€being€applied€to€new€and€existing€sources€in€the€region.€€Focusing€onÏthese€known€and€relatively€common€controls€is€one€way€to€address€many€of€the€BART€factors.€ÏThe€reasonably€attributable€BART€analyses€for€Navajo,€Hayden,€Centralia€were€also€used€asÏbenchmarks€and€as€proof€of€feasibility,€although€the€western€states€recognize€that€these€analysesÏare€not€directly€applicable€to€the€separate€and€different€requirements€for€regional€haze€BART.ÌÌà0  àò òCost.ó ó€€If€a€control€technology€is€commonly€accepted€in€the€region,€then€this€is€a€goodÐ {)#& Ðindicator€that€this€type€of€control€is€not€cost„prohibitive.€€It€is€also€an€indicator€that€someÏof€the€other,€more€source„specific€difficulties€can€be€overcome.€€Recent€RACT,€BACTÐ W+ä$( Ðand€BART€emission€controls€will€be€the€best€indicator€of€cost€because€these€are€appliedÏto€existing€sources.€€For€example,€if€wet€scrubbers€are€commonly€used€on€new€powerÏplants,€and€have€also€been€retrofitted€onto€existing€power€plants,€this€is€an€indicator€thatÏsiting€problems€for€the€new€equipment€can€often€be€resolved€in€a€cost€effective€manner.€ÏA€rough€cost€estimate€of€$3000/ton€of€SOòò2óó€was€used€to€eliminate€the€most€expensiveÐ # ° Ðcontrol€options.€€This€is€moving€into€the€BACT€and€LAER€level€that€is€applied€in€mostÏstates.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àò òEnergy€and€non„air€environmental€impacts.€€ó óWater€is€scarce€in€the€west.€€In€addition,Ð Ó ` Ðsources€are€often€located€far€from€urban€centers€and€often€do€not€have€access€to€a€wideÏvariety€of€fuels.€€For€example,€natural€gas€may€not€be€an€option€as€a€fuel€because€there€areÏnot€any€pipelines€in€the€vicinity€of€the€source.€€On€the€other€hand,€other€environmentalÏfactors€such€as€the€release€of€small€quantities€of€more€hazardous€pollutants,€may€not€be€asÏbig€of€a€factor€because€many€of€the€sources€are€located€in€unpopulated€areas.€€EmissionÏcontrols€that€are€applied€to€sources€today€have,€by€necessity,€accommodated€the€energyÏand€non„air€environmental€impacts.Ð (#(# ÐÌò òF.€€How€should€the€range€of€Technologies€be€applied?ó óÐ #° ÐÌSources€within€a€particular€source€category€may€be€quite€variable.€€Differences€will€include€theÏage€of€the€source€and€existing€pollution€control€equipment€that€has€been€installed.€€For€thisÏreason,€once€a€range€of€technologies€has€been€identified€for€a€source€category,€criteria€shouldÏthen€be€established€to€determine€where€specific€sources€would€fall€within€that€range.€€For€theÏpurpose€of€this€analysis,€three€types€of€controls€are€identified€for€each€source€category.€€These€areÏidentified€as€low€BART,€medium€BART€and€high€BART.€€The€following€criteria€should€be€usedÏto€determine€whether€an€individual€source€would€fall€within€this€range.ÌÌà0  àò òRemaining€useful€life.ó ó€€When€calculating€the€cost€of€control,€the€remaining€useful€life€ofÐ [è Ða€source€is€a€significant€factor.€€A€more€expensive€control€may€be€justified€if€it€willÏcontrol€emissions€for€30€years.€€On€the€other€hand,€it€may€be€cost„prohibitive€to€control€aÏplant€that€is€nearing€retirement.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌÔ*‹ƒ« ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#‹ÔÔ,rdd ÔÔ,Å dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ *€ û#ˆ  „„*ÐÐ A€,!_$ì! „„AÐRemaining€useful€lifeÐ -#!_$ì" -ÐLow€BARTÐ  ß%l# Ðless€than€5€yearsÐ  ß%l$ ÐMedium€BARTÐ  _'ì % Ð5„10€yearsÐ  _'ì & ÐHigh€BARTÐ  ß(l"' Ðgreater€than€10€yearsÐ ß(l"(  ÐÌà0  àRemaining€useful€life€should€be€calculated€beginning€in€the€year€2013.€€This€date€wasÏchosen€because€this€is€the€date€by€which€BART€controls€would€need€to€be€installed€underÐ Ó+`%* Ða€case„by„case€regional€haze€BART€analysis€under€section€308€of€the€regional€haze€rule.ÏIf€a€state€was€doing€a€case„by„case€analysis,€it€would€not€make€sense€to€require€a€source€toÏinstall€controls€if€it€was€expected€to€retire€within€5€years.€€The€following€standard€lifeÏexpectancies€should€be€used€for€individual€source€categories.€€These€were€chosen€as€anÏaverage,€reasonable€estimate€that€would€be€applicable€on€a€regional€level.€€IndividualÏsources€may€retire€earlier€or€later€than€this€regional€estimate.Ð (#(# ÐÌÔ*xƒ« d« drdd rÅ dd Å °(#°(#xÔÔ," dd ÔÔ, dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ *€ ç t „„*ÐCategoryÐ A€,!K Ø „„AÐStandard€life€expectancyÐ -#!K Ø  -ÐUtility€BoilersÐ >4 ËX   N@60„„‰N@‰>Ð60Ð >42ËX "  N@60 N@ >ÐOther€Process€EquipmentÐ >4 KØ   D@40„„‰D@‰>Ð40Ð >42KØ "  D@40 D@ >ÐProcess€heaters€and€boilersÐ >4 ËX   D@40„„‰D@‰>Ð40Ð >42ËX "  D@40 D@ >ÐsmeltersÐ >4 KØ   N@60„„‰N@‰>Ð60Ð >42KØ "  N@60 N@ >ÐAll€othersÐ >4 ËX  D@40„„‰D@‰>Ð40ÐB86ËX"  D@40  D@ BÐÌÌà0  àò òExisting€pollution€controls.ó ó€€There€are€sources€in€the€region€that€have€existing€pollutionÐ ¿L Ðcontrol€equipment€that€would€be€considered€too€inefficient€for€a€brand€new€source.€€If€theÏexisting€controls€were€replaced€with€newer,€better€technologies,€you€would€need€toÏconsider€some€of€the€indirect€costs€such€as€stranded€capital€costs€for€the€equipment€andÏdemolition€costs.€€The€cost€of€maintaining€the€existing€equipment€is€also€a€factor€becauseÏif€a€source€has€to€replace€portions€of€the€equipment€regularly,€then€the€cost€of€a€newÏsystem€may€not€be€as€much€of€an€issue.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àIf€€the€difference€in€control€efficiencies€between€the€existing€controls€and€the€currentÏcontrols€is€not€very€significant,€this€low€benefit€will€not€be€enough€to€justify€the€high€costÏof€replacing€the€equipment.€€On€the€other€hand,€if€the€existing€control€equipment€is€notÏvery€effective,€then€the€expected€benefit€could€outweigh€the€costÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIf€the€existing€pollution€control€equipment€is€as€good€as€medium€BART,€then€noÏadditional€controls€would€be€calculatedÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àIf€the€existing€control€equipment€is€less€than€medium€BART,€then€high€BARTÏwould€be€calculated€as€the€emission€control€for€the€unit€unless€the€source€theÏsource€qualifies€for€medium€or€low€BART€due€to€the€remaining€useful€life€of€theÏunit.€€In€the€latter€case,€low€BART€would€apply€to€the€unit.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌò òG.€€Visibility€Improvementó óÐ +¬$* ÐÐ  ,˜%+ ÐOnce€the€regional€haze€BART€technology€has€been€identified,€after€taking€into€consideration€theÏtechnology€available,€the€costs€of€compliance,€the€energy€and€nonair€quality€environmentalÏimpacts€of€compliance,€any€pollution€control€equipment€in€use€at€the€source,€and€the€remainingÏuseful€life€of€the€source,€the€regional€haze€rule€requires€an€analysis€of€visibility€improvement€dueÏto€BART.€€The€rule€requires:ÌÌà0  à(B)€An€analysis€of€the€degree€of€visibility€improvement€that€would€be€achieved€in€eachÏmandatory€Class€I€Federal€area€as€a€result€of€the€emission€reductions€achievable€from€allÏsources€subject€to€BART€located€within€the€region€that€contribute€to€visibility€impairmentÏin€the€Class€I€area,€based€on€the€[BART]€analysis.Ð (#(# ÐÌThe€WRAP€modeling€forum€is€already€examining€methodologies€for€providing€this€analysis.€€InÏaddition,€the€western€states€will€rely€on€the€underlying€strategy€of€the€Grand€Canyon€VisibilityÏTransport€Commission€which€is€to€focus€on€emission€reduction€strategies€rather€than€specificÏvisibility€improvement€targets.€€There€is€significant€variability€in€visibility€impacts€during€theÏyear€due€to€changing€wind€speeds,€direction,€humidity€and€other€important€factors.€€ThisÏvariability€makes€it€difficult€to€model€the€visibility€impact€of€individual€emission€reductionÏstrategies.€€For€this€reason,€the€GCVTC€worked€to€develop€strategies€that€would€provide€steadyÏand€continuous€emission€reductions€throughout€the€region,€including€an€overall€reduction€of€SOòò2óóÐ  ˜ Ðfrom€stationary€sources€of€50„70€%€by€the€year€2040.ÌÌÌÐ  »H Ðò òIV.€€Application€of€the€Methodology€to€Individual€Source€Categoriesó óÐ s ÐÌVarious€control€techniques€were€examined€for€each€category,€including€process€changes€thatÏwould€reduce€the€amount€of€sulfur€upstream€of€the€individual€processes.€€These€controlÏtechniques€are€summarized€in€Table€1.€€The€%€control€efficiency€is€identified€as€well€as€theÏaverage€cost€for€installing€the€controls.ÌÌThis€information€was€then€examined€to€determine€appropriate€control€efficiencies€for€low,Ïmedium,€and€high€BART.€€In€some€cases,€the€BART€control€level€was€assumed€to€be€a€mixtureÏof€control€techniques,€recognizing€that€there€is€variability€in€the€units€throughout€the€region,€andÏa€particular€control€may€not€be€appropriate€for€all€types.€€The€various€BART€levels€areÏsummarized€in€Table.€2.ÌÐ  ƒ  ÐÑTRP(Ø'3 Letter LandscapeXà3Ø' LetterØ'3 Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÓ  Óò òÔ‡Š¹ˆ ‹XXe8ÔTABLE€1.€€SULFUR€DIOXIDE€TECHNOLOGY€REVIEW€SUMMARYó óÔ#†Xe8X ‹Š¹ˆdz#ÔÐ s ÐÌÓUzÓÔ*xƒ"5d« d" dd "  dd  °à.°à.xÔÔ,'dd ÔÔ,« dd ÔÔ,‘dd ÔÔ,'dd ÔÔ,¦dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ ' Uâ €€„„‹‹'ÐÔ‡&Ñ) %XXe8ÔSOURCEÐ ¹F ÐCATEGORYÐ 9/! " „„‹‹9ÐCONTROLÏTECHNOLOGYÐ 9/! " „„‹‹9ÐCONTROLÏEFFICIENCYÐ 9/! " „„‹‹9ÐCOST/TON€òò1óóÐ 9/!¹F " „„‹‹9ÐCOMMENTSÔ#†Xe8X %&Ñ)1|#ÔÐ 5+&¹F "   ‹‹5ÐÔ‡ô2üõXXe8Ôò òCoal„Fired€UtilityÐ õ ‚  ÐBoilersó óÐ '· D  ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&õ ‚  „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!õ ‚" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!õ ‚" ‹‹0ÐÐ 'õ ‚ ‹‹'ÐÐ ' š ‹‹'ÐFuel€Switching/BlendingÐ 0& š „„‹‹0Ð10€to€20%Ð 9/! š" „„‹‹9Ðò òmoderate€to€highó óÐ  š Ðdepending€on€coalÏcost€difference€andÏcontract€terminationÏcostsÐ 0&!¢ " ‹‹0ÐCoals€consumed€by€AZ€utilities€have€very€low€sulfurÏcontents.€€Average€coal€sulfur€content€in€1993„1997Ïranged€from€0.49€to€0.54€wt%€sulfur€[EIA„€CoalÏQuality€Data€from€the€Coal€Industry€Table€106.ÏAverage€Quality€of€Coal€Received€at€ElectricÏUtilities€by€Census€Division€and€State].€Ð '×d  ‹‹'ÐÐ '-º  ‹‹'ÐDry€Sorbent€InjectionÐ 0&-º  „„‹‹0Ð25€to€90%€sodiumÏand€calciumÏbasedÐ 9/!±> #" „„‹‹9Ðò òmoderate€to€highó óÐ -º $ ÐDepending€onÏsorbent€cost€andÏamount€of€SO2ÏremovedÐ 0&!5Â(" ‹‹0ÐOnly€applicable€to€units€that€do€not€have€wet€or€dryÏscrubbers.€€Use€of€sodium€based€sorbents€canÏsignificantly€increase€waste€disposal€problems/costs.Ð '±> + ‹‹'ÐÐ '‹, ‹‹'ÐLime€Spray€Drying€(LSD)Ð 0&‹- „„‹‹0Ð60€to€90%Ð 9/!‹." „„‹‹9Ðò òModerateó óÐ 0&!‹/" ‹‹0ÐNot€applicable€for€units€already€controlled€with€wetÏor€dry€scrubbers.Ð 'MÚ1 ‹‹'ÐÐ '£02 ‹‹'ÐWet€Flue€Gas€DesulfurizationÏ(FGD)Ð 0&eò4 „„‹‹0Ð60€to€95%Ð 9/!£05" „„‹‹9Ðò òmoderate€to€highó óÐ 0&!£06" ‹‹0ÐÐ '£07 ‹‹'ÐÐ '»H8 ‹‹'ÐIncrease€Performance€of€FGDÐ 0&»H9 „„‹‹0Ð5€to€50%€increaseÏover€currentÏlevelsÐ 9/!?Ì<" „„‹‹9Ðò òlow€to€moderateó ó€òò2óóÐ 0&!»H=" ‹‹0ÐFor€wet€FGD€systems€%€reduction€can€be€improvedÏthrough€the€use€of€additives€and€FGD€equipmentÏreconfiguration/modifications.Ð '?Ì@ ‹‹'ÐÐ '•"A ‹‹'ÐIncreased€Performance€of€LSDÐ 0&•"B „„‹‹0Ð40€to€50%Ïincrease€overÏcurrent€levelsÐ 9/!¦E" „„‹‹9Ðò òmoderate€ó óòò2óóñDñlñDñÐ 0&!•"F" ‹‹0ÐFor€LSD€systems€%€reduction€can€be€improved€withÏthe€addition€of€scrubber€modules€and€baghouseÏsections.â âÐ '¦I ‹‹'Ðò òCopper€SmelterÐ  d Ðâ âAcid€Plantsó óÐ 'Õ & ‹‹'ÐÐ 0& d „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/! d" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&! d" ‹‹0ÐÐ ' d ‹‹'ÐÐ '+ | ‹‹'ÐConversion€of€Single€Contact€toÏDouble€Contact€or€addition€ofÏSodium€FGDÐ 0&¯   „„‹‹0Ð6%€increase€inÏreduction€overÏcurrent€levelsÐ 9/!¯  " „„‹‹9Ðò òLowó ó€òò3óóÐ 0&!+ |" ‹‹0ÐAssumes€going€from€93%€control€to€99%€controlÐ '+ | ‹‹'Ðò òCoal„FiredÐ V ÐIndustrial€Boilersó óÐ 'Ç ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&V „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!V" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!V" ‹‹0ÐÐ 'V ‹‹'ÐÐ 'n ‹‹'ÐSame€as€Coal„Fired€UtilityÏBoilersÐ 0&ß0 „„‹‹0ÐSame€as€Coal„¼Fired€UtilityÏBoilersÐ 9/!¡ò" „„‹‹9ÐIncrease€Coal„FiredÏUtility€Boiler€ñEñcaostsñEññEñcostsñEñÏto€the€next€higherÏcategoryÐ 0&!c´ " ‹‹0ÐSmaller€size€boilers€(<100€MW)€increases€$/tonÏcosts.Ð 'ß0! ‹‹'ÐÐ '¹ " ‹‹'ÐSodium€FGDÐ 0&¹ # „„‹‹0Ð90€to€95%Ð 9/!¹ $" „„‹‹9Ðò òhighó óÐ 0&!¹ %" ‹‹0ÐLower€capitol€costs€but€much€higher€operating€costsÏrelative€to€L/ñEññEñLSñEññEñ€FGD.Ð '{Ì ' ‹‹'Ðò òRefinery€boilersÐ Ñ" ( Ðand€processÏheatersó óÐ 'U¦* ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&Ñ" + „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!Ñ" ," „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!Ñ" -" ‹‹0ÐÐ 'Ñ" . ‹‹'ÐÐ '«ü/ ‹‹'ÐSulfur€ñEñRecuveryñEññEñRecoveryñEñ€Units€(SRU)ÏTwo„stage€Claus€unitÐ 0&m¾1 „„‹‹0Ð74%Ð 9/!«ü2" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!«ü3" ‹‹0ÐHydrogen€sulfide€(H2S),€a€by„product€of€processingÏcrude€oil,€is€recovered€from€the€process€gas€byÏconversion€to€elemental€sulfide.€€The€majority€ofÏSRUs€are€now€built€with€2„stage€Claus€units,Ïalthough€some€3„stage€units€were€built€to€meet€moreÏstringent€air€quality€requirements€(AP„42€8.13„2)â âÐ 'uÆ9 ‹‹'ÐÐ ' d ‹‹'ÐSRU€€Three„stage€Claus€unitÐ 0& d „„‹‹0Ð95%Ð 9/! d" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&! d" ‹‹0ÐRefineries€that€are€processing€sweet€crude€may€haveÏdifficulty€running€a€3rd€stage€because€there€is€notÏenough€sulfur€to€drive€the€process.€€The€Utah€PM10ÏSIP€established€a€SRU€with€95%€control€efficiencyÏâ âas€RACT€for€refineries.Ð ' l  ‹‹'ÐÐ 'q   ‹‹'ÐSRU€Three„stage€Claus€unit€withÏtail€gas€unitÐ 0&3„  „„‹‹0Ð99%Ð 9/!q  " „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!q Â" ‹‹0ÐA€tail€gas€unit€would€not€be€cost„effective€on€a€smallÏrefinery€or€a€refinery€that€is€processing€sweet€crudeÏoil.Ð 'õF ‹‹'Ðò òRefinery€SRUó óÐ 'Kœ ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&Kœ „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!Kœ" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!Kœ" ‹‹0ÐÐ 'Kœ ‹‹'ÐÐ '¡ò ‹‹'ÐIncrease€to€2„stage€Claus€unitÐ 0&¡ò „„‹‹0Ð74%Ð 9/!¡ò" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!¡ò" ‹‹0ÐÐ '¡ò ‹‹'ÐÐ '÷H  ‹‹'ÐIncrease€to€3„stage€Claus€unitÐ 0&÷H  „„‹‹0Ð95%Ð 9/!÷H " „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!÷H " ‹‹0ÐÐ '÷H  ‹‹'ÐÐ 'Mž ! ‹‹'ÐIncrease€to€3„stage€Claus€unitÏwith€tail€gas€unitÐ 0&` # „„‹‹0Ð99%Ð 9/!Mž $" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!Mž %" ‹‹0ÐÐ 'Mž & ‹‹'Ðò òRefinery€CatalyticÐ e¶ ' ÐCrackersó óÐ ''x( ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&e¶ ) „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!e¶ *" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!e¶ +" ‹‹0ÐÐ 'e¶ , ‹‹'ÐÐ '}Î- ‹‹'ÐLow„SOx€catalystÐ 0&}Î. „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!}Î/" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!}Î0" ‹‹0ÐThe€Utah€PM10€SIP€required€the€use€of€low„SOxÏcatalyst€in€fluid€cat€cracking€units€as€RACT.Ð '?2 ‹‹'ÐÐ '•æ3 ‹‹'ÐWet€alkali€scrubberÐ 0&•æ4 „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!•æ5" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!•æ6" ‹‹0ÐÐ '•æ7 ‹‹'Ðò òFlaresó óÐ 'ë<8 ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&ë<9 „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!ë<:" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!ë<;" ‹‹0ÐÐ 'ë<< ‹‹'ÐÐ 'A’= ‹‹'ÐNo€controls€typically€appliedÔ#†Xe8Xõô2üë}#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 0&A’> „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!A’?" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!A’@" ‹‹0ÐÐ 'A’A ‹‹'Ðò òCement€Plantsó óÐ '—èB ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&—èC „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!—èD" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!—èE" ‹‹0Ðâ âÐ '—èF ‹‹'ÐÐ ' d ‹‹'ÐNo€Controls€typically€appliedÐ 0& d „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/! d" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&! d" ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü¯ #ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔThe€SOòò2óó€emissions€are€a€factor€of€the€sulfur€contentÐ  d Ðâ âof€the€fuel€and€raw€material€which€can€be€quiteÏvariable.€€AP„42€indicates€that€cement€absorbsÏsulfur.€€Absorption€ranges€from€70„95%€and€thisÏoccurs€during€the€cement„making€process€itself.€ÏNSPS€does€not€address€SOòò2óó.€€AP„42€does€notÐ Ý .  Ðmention€any€additional€add„on€controls.€There€is€aÏnew€plant€in€Colorado€that€may€install€a€wetÏscrubber€(source€has€not€yet€been€constructed),€butÏthis€is€very€unusual€„€it€may€be€the€only€one€in€theÏcountry.€€Scrubbers€are€not€typically€required€forÏBACT.Ô#†Xe8Xõô2ü’£#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 'iº ‹‹'Ðò òLime€Plantsó óÐ '¿  ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&¿  „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!¿ " „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!¿ " ‹‹0ÐÐ '¿  ‹‹'ÐÐ 'f  ‹‹'ÐNo€control€typically€appliedÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü3¦#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 0&f  „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!f " „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!f " ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2üק#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔThe€control€requirements€for€lime€plants€are€veryÐ f  Ðsimilar€to€cement€plants.€€Quicklime€is€alkaline€and,Ïlike€cement,€naturally€absorbs€sulfur€during€theÏprocess.€€AP„42€does€not€address€additional€SOòò2óóÐ [¬  Ðadd„on€controls,€and€does€not€provide€an€emissionÏfactor€that€includes€SOòò2óó€controls.Ô#†Xe8Xõô2ü²¨#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 'ß0 ‹‹'Ðò òPulp€and€PaperÐ 5†  ÐMills€„€RecoveryÏFurnacesó óÐ '¹ " ‹‹'ÐÐ 0&5†# „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!5†$" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!5†%" ‹‹0ÐÐ '5†& ‹‹'ÐÐ '`' ‹‹'ÐDirect€contact€evaporatorÐ 0&`( „„‹‹0Ð75%Ð 9/!`)" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!`*" ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2üEª#ÔñNñÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔñNñSOòò2óó€is€controlled€by€removing€sulfur€earlier€in€theÐ `+ Ðprocess€by€using€a€direct€contact€evaporator.ñNñÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔñNññNñÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü¸¬#ÔñNñÐ 'Ñ", ‹‹'ÐÐ ''x- ‹‹'ÐDirect€contact€evaporatorÏwith€the€addition€of€aÏscrubberÐ 0&óD0 „„‹‹0Ð99%Ð 9/!'x1" „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!'x2" ‹‹0ÐScrubbing€options€would€be€ñEñslimilarñEññEñsimilarñEñ€to€thoseÏâ âñEñidentifedñEññEñidentifiedñEñ€for€coal„fired€utility€boilers.ñNñÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü.­#ÔñNñÐ( ^4  (Їâ âÔ& Ê ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔNOTES:Ð s Ð1.€Costs€estimated€from€Assessment€of€Control€Technologies€for€Reducing€Emissions€of€SO2€and€NOx€from€Existing€Coal„Fired€Utility€Boilers€ÌEPA„600/7„90„018.€€low€<€$500/ton,€moderate€$500€to€3000/ton,€high€$€>€$3000/tonÌ2.€Assumed€to€have€lower€$/ton€costs€than€new€applications.Ì3.€Costs€estimated€from€Cost€of€Controlling€Directly€Emitted€Acidic€Emissions€from€Major€Industrial€Sources€EPA„600/7„88„012Ô#†Xe8Xõô2üÕ¯#ÔÔ'ÊsɯÔÐ  {  ÐÓ  ÓÔ‡Š¹ˆ ‹XXe8Ôò òTABLE€2.€€BART€CONTROL€EFFICIENCIESó óÔ#†Xe8X ‹Š¹ˆ|±#ÔÐ s ÐÓp±ÓÌÔ*±ƒd!d'dd '« dd « ‘dd ‘'dd '¦dd ¦"5°à.°à.±ÔÔ,rdd ÔÔ,4dd ÔÔ,½dd ÔÔ,Sdd ÔÔ,z dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ " Uâ „„‹‹"ÐÔ‡&Ñ) %XXe8ÔSOURCEÐ ¹F ÐCATEGORYÐ 9/! " „„‹‹9ÐLOW„BARTÐ 9/!¹F" „„‹‹9ÐMEDIUM„BARTÐ 9/!¹F" „„‹‹9ÐHIGH„BARTÐ 9/!¹F" „„‹‹9ÐCOMMENTSÔ#†Xe8X %&Ñ)q³#ÔÐ 0&!¹F" ‹‹0ÐÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 0&õ ‚  „„‹‹0ÐÐ 9/!õ ‚ " „„‹‹9ÐÐ 9/!õ ‚ " „„‹‹9ÐÐ 0&!õ ‚ " ‹‹0ÐÐ 'õ ‚  ‹‹'ÐCoal„Fired€UtilityÏBoilersÐ 0& š „„‹‹0ÐNo€existing€ñEñcountrolsñEññEñcontrolsñEñÌ15%ÌÌFGD€or€LSDñFñ€ñFñincreaseÏexisting€controls€by€25%Ï(for€example,€80%€controlÏwould€be€increased€to€85%)Ð 9/!×d " „„‹‹9Ð60%Ð 9/!K Ø" „„‹‹9Ð85%Ð 0&!K Ø" ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2üµ#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 'K Ø ‹‹'ÐCopper€SmeltersÐ 0&-º  „„‹‹0Ð0%Ð 9/!-º " „„‹‹9Ð93%Ð 9/!-º " „„‹‹9Ð99%Ð 0&!-º " ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2üÝ·#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔThe€control€efficiencies€should€only€be€appliedÐ -º  Ðto€the€gas€stream€that€goes€to€the€acid€plant,€notÏfugitive€emissionÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü/¹#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ '±>  ‹‹'ÐCoal„Fired€IndustrialÏBoilersÐ 0&ÉV" „„‹‹0Ð0%Ô#†Xe8Xõô2üù¹#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 9/!”#" „„‹‹9ÐNo€existing€ñGñcountrolsñGññGñcontrolsñGñÌ15%ÌÌFGD€or€LSDñHñ€ñHñincreaseÏexisting€controls€byÏ25%€(for€example,Ï80%€control€would€beÏincreased€to€85%)Ô#†Xe8Xõô2ü±º#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 9/!Uâ+" „„‹‹9Ð60%Ð 0&!”," ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2üλ#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8Ôâ âÐ '”- ‹‹'ÐRefinery€Boilers€andÏProcess€HeatersÐ 0&™& „„‹‹0ÐRefineries€w/o€existingÏSRUÌ0%ÌÌRefineries€with€existingÏSRU€(unit€not€piped€intoÏSRU)Ì74%Ð 9/!% ² " „„‹‹9Ð74%Ð 9/!×d " „„‹‹9Ð99%Ð 0&!×d " ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü|¼#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ '×d  ‹‹'ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2üE¾#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔRefinery€SulfurÐ {  ÐRecovery€UnitsÐ 0&=Ê „„‹‹0Ð0%Ð 9/!{ " „„‹‹9Ð74%Ð 9/!{ " „„‹‹9Ð99%Ô#†Xe8Xõô2ü®¾#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 0&!{ " ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2üÌ¿#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ '{  ‹ ‹'ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü>À#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔRefinery€CatalyticÐ “  ÐCrackersÐ 0&Uâ   „„‹ ‹0Ð?Ð 9/!“ "  „„‹ ‹9Ð?Ð 9/!“ "  „„‹ ‹9Ð?Ô#†Xe8Xõô2ü§À#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔÐ 0&!“ "  ‹‹0ÐÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü½Á#ÔÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔStill€need€to€identify€control€ñIñefficieciesñIññIñefficienciesñIñ€for€thisÐ “  ÐcategoryÔ#†Xe8Xõô2ü/Â#ÔÐ 'Uâ  ‹ ‹'ÐÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔFlaresÐ 0&«8   „„‹ ‹0Ð0%Ð 9/!«8 "  „„‹ ‹9Ð0%Ð 9/!«8 "  „„‹ ‹9Ð0%Ô#†Xe8Xõô2üÃ#ÔÐ 0&!«8 "  ‹‹0ÐÐ '«8  ‹ ‹'ÐÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔCement€PlantsÐ 0&%²   „„‹ ‹0Ð0%Ð 9/!%² !"  „„‹ ‹9Ð0%Ð 9/!%² ""  „„‹ ‹9Ð0%Ô#†Xe8Xõô2üOÄ#ÔÐ 0&!%² #"  ‹‹0ÐÐ '%² $ ‹ ‹'ÐÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔLime€PlantsÐ 0&Ÿ,%  „„‹ ‹0Ð0%Ð 9/!Ÿ,&"  „„‹ ‹9Ð0%Ð 9/!Ÿ,'"  „„‹ ‹9Ð0%Ô#†Xe8Xõô2üÅ#ÔÐ 0&!Ÿ,("  ‹‹0ÐÐ 'Ÿ,) ‹ ‹'ÐÔ‡ô2üõXXe8ÔPulp€and€Paper€MillsÐ ¦* Є€Recovery€FurnacesÐ 0&Ûh+  „„‹ ‹0Ð0%Ð 9/!¦,"  „„‹ ‹9Ð75%Ð 9/!¦-"  „„‹ ‹9Ð99%Ô#†Xe8Xõô2üéÆ#ÔÐ 0&!¦."  ‹‹0ÐÐ(¦/  (ÐÐ  ÍZ/ ÐÑTRXä3Ø'P(Ø'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' LetterØ'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÌÌò òV.€€Method€for€Calculating€Emission€Reductions€due€to€BART.ó óÐ KØ ÐÌThe€applicable€control€level€is€only€one€part€of€the€equation€that€is€needed€to€determine€theÏemission€reductions€that€would€occur€in€the€region€if€regional€haze€BART€was€applied€to€allÏBART„eligible€units.€€Expected€changes€in€utilization€of€existing€units€would€also€need€to€beÏconsidered.€€The€following€equations€should€be€used:ÌÌà0  àBaselineòò€2018óó€=€Emissionsòòuncóó€€x€€capacity€factoròò2018óó€€x€€control€factoròòcurrentóóпL (#(# ÐÌà  àBARTòò€2018óó€€€=€Emissionsòòuncóó€€x€€capacity€factoròò2018óó€€x€€control€factoròòBARTóóÐ —$  ÐÌà0  àBART€Reduction€=€Baselineòò€2018ó󀄀BARTòò€2018óóÐoü (#(# ÐÌWhere:ÌÌà0  àEmissionsòòuncóó€=€à0(#(#àUncontrolled€emissions€for€the€unit.€€The€uncontrolled€emissionsÐ ¬ Ðshould€be€calculated€using€the€fuel€and€material€sulfur€percentagesÏthat€the€source€is€currently€using.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àMMBtu/hr€x€8760€hr/yr€=€total€Btu/yrÐ (#(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  à(Total€Btu/yr)€/€(coal€Btu/ton)€=€tons/yr€coal€usedÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àUse€AP„42€calculation€for€maximum€SOòò2óóЧ4(#(# ÐÌà0  àCapacity€factoròò2018óó€=à0(#(#àThe€expected€regional€capacity€factor€for€the€source€category€in€theÐ   Ðyear€2018.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌñFñœñFñà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àPower€plants€„€assume€ò ò78%ó ó€as€a€starting€point€(current€capacity€forÐ C Ð Ðthe€region).€€The€Western€Interstate€Energy€Board€will€provide€anÏestimate€for€regional€capacity€in€the€year€2018Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#à****need€to€determine€capacity€factors€for€other€categoriesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àUse€best€estimates€of€future€capacity€(if€available),€otherwise€useÏcurrent€capacity€as€an€estimate€of€what€will€occur€in€2018Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àcontrol€factoròòcurrentóó€=à0(#(#àCurrent€control€efficiency€for€the€unitЧ'4!$(#(# ÐÌà0  àcontrol€factoròòBARTóó€=à0(#(#àControl€efficiency€for€the€unit€after€BART€is€applied€(low€BART,Ð ) #& Ðmedium€BART,€or€high€BART)Ð (#(# ÐÐ W+ä$( ÐA€source€that€is€assumed€to€be€shut€down€by€2018,€or€a€source€where€BART€is€considered€to€beÏno€additional€controls,€will€be€calculated€as€zero€emission€reductions€due€to€the€application€ofÏBART.€€The€impact€of€shut€downs€will€be€addressed€in€the€baseline€that€is€used€to€determineÏtotal€regional€emissions€in€2018€with€the€application€of€BART„level€controls€rather€than€beingÏcalculated€as€a€reduction€due€to€BART.ÌÌThis€approach€addresses€the€following€issues:ÌÌÝ‚ cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ cÖÝð"ðà0  àÝ  Ýsome€sources€are€currently€operating€below€their€capacity.€€There€is€an€expectation€thatÐ Ó ` Ðpower€plants€will€be€operated€at€a€higher€capacity€in€the€future€due€to€restructuring€of€theÏpower€industry.݃ cÖ)Ö݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚ cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ cl×Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  Ýsources€never€operate€at€their€PTE.€€There€is€always€downtime,€and€times€when€theÐ ƒ  Ðsource€is€not€operating€at€maximum€load.€€For€this€reason€a€capacity€factor€that€is€lessÏthan€100%€should€be€used.€€80€„€90%€is€a€good€estimate€for€most€categories.݃ clׇ×݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚ cÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ cûØÝð"ðà0  àÝ  ÝBART€is€a€technology€requirement,€not€an€emission€limit.€€a€source€could€operate€atÐ 3À Ðmaximum€capacity€using€the€BART€technology€and€still€be€in€compliance€with€BART.€ÏHowever,€not€all€sources€in€the€region€will€be€operating€at€maximum€capacity€in€2018.€ÏAn€average€expected€capacity€factor€will€address€this€issue.݃ cûØÙ݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌò òVI.€€Example€Calculationó óÐ »H ÐÌ****need€to€develop€an€example€calculation€for€an€individual€unit.