ÿWPC] óI¨Œèz¨jù¡7.ã*rÉŠK“¼Y ^Œ~jhWìo£ˆUP>•äÄþؘÿÒqLJ½ÝÔ?ìðÐ?ô¥5&Ä•xÔ›…:gG¸pºU³—ŒÎ«ÂóÝ»UQíQÓ6 YXn÷•M±F¨>;þ›Ý8oðo[%Y¥Cû£ì®ŠHR-u¥]ƒŽYSA 4]¼ ¥¶~ª/s¢0ÀÁ\LUm0R˜ñBo”¯¤©ðÜ̆ß.¬kƒaÄR½¿ýØÑȪZáD“gL)Ïl¬-ÔZUëÌ7ŸÑ™ }#cr"‰Ú éEsyGòY~(º8qîŸä$¹ø»F”NZÈ×’<©µ`[J)iœRáLò±ú\ÎóÊ­¡Þ½n«Ó/leŽŠámÛû²þÅT›þœâ×]šŇ‘ ·4|‚xŒ¼Äoz u~$8¸ÏÉšÆ7BÝ­áaøœPM“ºŒ ¿:Í8™‰°öáçZÿ_ÄxOì $ZK ºy©¾O“u…óÆå 0“ÉáÛS´õ³ƒaÄ*¿h¹®É-`x´Ý½6,dk‚ºDÂlMBHyâ&fmtˆ¯>u¬"#Mæ{î‹KŒ2°Çáèðf½D)Yìƒþÿ¥ãÆzó½+ùrU^ U>                                  0NJJJE˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ BGšššššš#ÁáUN¢ %ðððððð mööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööööö                                   0-¯<)˜ ô\  `&Times New Roman(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔCTriple 2+‰ d -d d˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularUXÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ  Ñ ° Ñhttp://www.wrapair.org/Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ‡UX2­XXX2­ÔÔ‡Uâ–’àXUX2­ÔÓ  ÓÌÌÌÌVoluntary€Emissions€Reduction€Program€forÐ @ Ì  ÐMajor€Industrial€Sources€of€Sulfur€Dioxide€in€Ð $°  ÐNine€Western€States€and€Ð ”  ÐA€Backstop€Market€Trading€ProgramÐ ìx  ÐÌÔ#†UX2­XàUâ–’¬#ÔÔ‡UèCVçXUX2­ÔAn€Annex€to€the€Ð ´@  ÐReport€of€the€Ð :Æ ÐGrand€Canyon€Visibility€Transport€CommissionÐ ÀL ÐÌSubmitted€by€theÐ ÌX ÐWestern€Regional€Air€PartnershipÐ RÞ Ðto€the€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€AgencyÐ Ød ÐÌSeptember€29,€2000Ô#†UX2­XçUèCVã#ÔÐ ä!p ÐÌÐ  V$â! ÐÓËÓÔ#†X2­XXUX2­#ÔÙÙØØÑ8€2­XXdìdÈ8ÑÓ  ÓÔ% €Ï ÔÔ  Ôò òEXECUTIVE€SUMMARYó óÔ Ý *ÔÐ ° ÐÓÓÌßA€N&) °°xdoE°‡‰xAßÐ ˆØ Ðà  àà ` àÌòòThe€Colorado€Plateau€is€a€spectacular€landscape€of€massive€landforms,€unique€geology€andÐ üL Ðvivid€colors.€€People€from€around€the€world€have€experienced€these€wonders€at€GrandÐ è8 ÐCanyon...and€other€national€parks€and€wilderness€areas€on€the€Plateau.€The€panorama€is€aÐ Ô $ Ðvisual€experience,€and€air€quality€is€the€key€to€full€enjoyment.€€On€hazy€days,€when€visibility€isÐ À  Ðreduced,€the€human€eye€perceives€a€loss€of€color,€contrast€and€detail€in€the€landscape...TheÐ ¬ ü ÐColorado€Plateau€has€some€of€the€best€visual€air€quality€in€the€United€States.€€Paradoxically,Ð ˜ è  Ðthis€means€that€reduced€visual€air€quality€that€might€go€unnoticed€in€other€parts€of€the€UnitedÐ „ Ô  ÐStates€is€starkly€apparent€on€the€Plateau.€€Visual€air€quality€in€the€West€is€quite€sensitive€toÐ pÀ  Ðrelatively€small€increases€in€pollutants.€Ð \¬  ÐóóÓ  ÓGrand€Canyon€Visibility€Transport€CommissionÐ H˜  ÐòòRecommendations€for€Improving€Western€Vistas,€óóJune€1996,€page€1Ð 4„  ÐÓÁÓÌIn€the€July€1,€1999,€promulgation€of€the€federal€rule€to€address€the€regional€haze€that€impairsÐ  \ Ðvisibility€in€mandatory€Class€I€areas,€EPA€considered€both€the€recommendations€and€theÐ øH Ðsupporting€technical€work€of€the€Grand€Canyon€Visibility€Transport€Commission.€€Section€309Ð ä4 Ðof€the€rule€provides€a€special€option€to€implement€the€Commissionððs€recommendations€for€the€16Ð Ð  ÐClass€I€areas€on€the€Colorado€Plateau.€€However,€in€order€for€the€states€and€tribes€in€the€region€toÐ ¼  Ðuse€the€ðð309€option,€an€Annex€to€the€Commissionððs€recommendations€must€be€submitted€byÐ ¨ø ÐOctober€1,€2000€for€EPA€review.Ð ”ä ÐÌThe€Annex€was€developed€by€the€Western€Regional€Air€Partnership€(the€WRAP),€the€successorÐ l¼ Ðto€the€Commission.€€The€Annex€defines€stepped€reduction€milestones€though€2018€for€sulfurÐ X¨ Ðdioxide€emission€from€large€industrial€sources€in€the€9-state€Commission€Transport€Region€thatÐ D” Ðaffects€the€Colorado€Plateau.€The€Annex€also€sets€forth€provisions€for€a€backstop€emissionÐ 0€ Ðtrading€program€to€be€implemented€if€the€milestones€are€exceeded.€€This€program€is€only€one€partÐ l Ðof€the€Commissionððs€comprehensive€recommendations;€other€sources€and€other€pollutants€will€beÐ X Ðaddressed€as€states€and€tribes€prepare€implementation€plans€due€in€2003€and€later.Ð ôD ÐÌThe€Annex€has€been€developed€over€a€three-year€period€by€the€WRAPððs€Market€Trading€Forum,Ð Ì!  Ða€group€made€up€of€state,€tribal€and€federal€agency€personnel€as€well€as€industrial€andÐ ¸"! Ðenvironmental€group€representatives,€and€by€the€WRAPððs€Initiatives€Oversight€Committee,€aÐ ¤#ô" Ðgroup€that€has€similar€representation.€€The€resulting€complete€package€of€recommendationsÐ $à# Ðreflects€the€inter-relationships€among€the€program€elements€and€stresses€the€importance€of€aÐ |%Ì $ Ðbalanced€proposal€to€address€all€stakeholder€concerns.€€Further€details€can€be€found€atÐ h&¸!% ÐÔ4‚ÿhe°ÔÝ‚#ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôwww.wrapair.orgÔ6ÔÝ‚#ÍOsonaÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7€r, HÔ.Ð T'¤"& ÐÐ  @(#' ÐÑe°Ñò òÑ€ñOaÑ2018€MILESTONEó ó€€Ð ° ÐÌThe€2018€milestone€of€510,000€tons,€including€a€30,000€ton€set„aside€for€two€copper€smelters€notÐ ŒÜ Ðcurrently€operating€(or€480,000€tons€if€the€suspended€smelters€do€not€resume€operation),Ð xÈ Ðrepresents€a€regional€emission€reduction€of€approximately€320,000€tons€of€SOÔ2–æd´Ô2ÔÎÿd´–æÔ€from€the€1990Ð d´ Ðbaseline€emissions€of€830,000€tons,€and€is€well€on€the€way€to€the€Commissionððs€goal€of€a€50€-Ð P   Ð70%€reduction€by€2040.€€The€regional€haze€rule€requires€that€total€reductions€by€2018€be€"betterÐ < Œ Ðthan€BART,"€that€is,€greater€than€could€be€achieved€by€retrofitting€250€tons€per€year€sources€thatÐ ( x Ðwere€built€between€1962€and€1977€and€currently€are€operating€without€modern€emissionsÐ  d Ðcontrols.€€The€WRAP€estimated€that€BART€reductions€would€total€approximately€170,000€tonsÐ  P  Ðby€2018.Ð ì <  ÐÌò òINTERIM€MILESTONESó ó€€Ð Ä  ÐÌAfter€considerable€investigation,€the€Forum€determined€that€1999€SOÔ2Ò"  ð Ô2ÔÎÿ ð Ò" Ô€emissions,€includingÐ  ð  Ðexpected€emissions€of€38,000€tons€from€the€two€smelters€not€currently€operating,€were€aboutÐ ŒÜ  Ð690,000€tons.€€Interim€milestones€are€intended€to€meet€the€Commissionððs€recommendation€forÐ xÈ Ðsteady€and€continuing€reductions,€while€giving€the€regulated€community€operating€flexibility€inÐ d´ Ðthe€early€years€and€time€to€mesh€planning€for€regional€haze€reductions€with€other€factors€such€asÐ P  Ðelectricity€deregulation.€€The€proposed€interim€milestones€with€the€suspended€smelters€in€and€outÐ <Œ Ðrespectively€are€720,000/682,000€tons€in€2003;€715,000/677,000€tons€in€2008;€andÐ (x Ð655,000/625,000€tons€in€2013.€€Milestones€step€down€every€fifth€year.Ð d ÐÌò òTRIGGERING€THE€TRADING€PROGRAMó ó€€Ð ì< ÐÌStates€and€tribes€will€collect€an€annual€SOÔ2úJÈÔ2ÔÎÿÈúJÔ€inventory.€€Compliance€with€the€milestones€isÐ È Ðdetermined€by€an€annual€comparison€of€the€rolling€3-year€average€of€total€regional€emissionsÐ ´ Ðwith€the€rolling€3-year€average€of€the€milestones.€€For€2018,€total€emissions€will€be€comparedÐ  ð Ðwith€the€2018€milestone.€If€a€milestone€is€exceeded,€the€trading€program€is€activated,€andÐ ŒÜ Ðemission€allocations€are€made€one€year€later€with€sources€having€5€years€from€the€year€ofÐ xÈ Ðexceedance€to€comply.€€Sources€may€comply€by€retrofitting€to€bring€emissions€below€theirÐ d ´ Ðallocation,€by€buying€credits€to€emit€from€other€sources€that€are€able€to€comply€more€cheaply,€orÐ P!  Ðby€retiring€the€source.€€Ð <"Œ  ÐÌò òCERTAINTY€THAT€2018€MILESTONE€WILL€BE€MET€ON€TIMEó ó€€Ð $d" ÐÌWith€such€a€large€proportion€of€the€reductions€scheduled€to€occur€in€the€last€5€years€of€theÐ ð%@!$ Ðprogram,€it€is€important€to€ensure€that€all€the€reductions€occur€on€time.€€Therefore,€the€proposalÐ Ü&,"% Ðincludes€a€mechanism€for€the€states€and€tribes€to€activate€the€trading€program€in€2013€if€availableÐ È'#& Ðevidence€indicates€the€2018€milestone€will€not€be€reached.€€Also,€compliance€with€the€2018Ð ´($' Ðmilestone€will€be€based€on€2018€emissions€alone€(in€addition€to€compliance€based€on€a€three„yearÐ  )ð$( Ðrolling€average€of€emissions),€and€sources€that€have€not€controlled€their€emissions€in€accordanceÐ Œ*Ü%) Ðwith€their€allocations€will€be€subject€to€financial€penalties€and€a€2„to„1€offset€of€future€emissionsÐ x+È&* Ðallocations€for€each€ton€of€excess€emissions€if€the€2018€milestone€is€not€met.Ð d,´'+ ÐÑñOaÑѰeÑÑ  Ñò òTRADING€PROGRAM€FEATURESó ó€€Ð ° ÐÌDetails€of€the€backstop€trading€program€such€as€applicability,€monitoring€and€reporting,€tradingÐ ŒÜ Ðprocedures,€compliance€requirements€and€penalties,€are€defined€in€the€Model€Rule€that€will€beÐ xÈ Ðused€as€a€template€as€participating€states€and€tribes€develop€their€implementation€plans€in€2003.€Ð d´ ÐStates€and€tribes€will€agree€to€participate€and€administer€the€program€by€signing€a€memorandumÐ P   Ðof€understanding.€€Sources€that€reduce€their€emissions€below€their€allocation€will€be€able€toÐ < Œ Ð"bank"€those€credits€for€sale€to€other€sources,€within€certain€programmatic€restrictions.Ð ( x ÐÌò òREASONABLY€ATTRIBUTABLE€BART€AND€GEOGRAPHIC€ENHANCEMENTó ó€Ð  P  ÐÌThe€existing€program€to€address€"hot€spots"€where€specific€sources€contribute€to€visibilityÐ Ü,  Ðimpairment€in€protected€Class€I€areas€remains€in€place€through€2018.€€Federal€land€managersÐ È  Ðexpect€to€certify€impairment€only€in€Class€I€areas€where€sulfates€are€not€decreasing,€the€sourcesÐ ´  Ðare€within€100€miles,€and€the€sources€are€controlling€less€than€85%€of€their€emissions.€€States€andÐ  ð  Ðtribes€intend€that€the€program€not€be€used€to€address€regional€haze,€but€focus€on€reasonablyÐ ŒÜ  Ðattributable€impacts,€and€expect€to€develop€guidance€to€address€the€distinction€between€the€two.€Ð xÈ ÐIf€there€is€a€finding€of€reasonable€attribution,€states€and€tribes€have€3€options:€€BART€controlsÐ d´ Ðcould€be€required€on€the€attributable€sources,€emission€reductions€could€be€required€from€otherÐ P  Ðsources,€or,€in€advance€of€certification,€reasonably€attributable€sources€and€states€could€negotiateÐ <Œ Ða€settlement€to€apply€control€measures.€€Ð (x ÐÌò òALLOCATIONS€ó ó€€Ð P ÐÌIf€the€program€is€triggered,€20,000€tons€of€SOÔ2^Ü,Ô2ÔÎÿÜ,^Ô€allocations€will€be€set€aside€for€tribal€interests,Ð Ü, Ðacknowledging€that€tribal€lands€are€largely€undeveloped€and€that€tribes€would€not€benefit€from€aÐ È Ðplan€based€only€on€past€emissions.€€Second,€there€will€be€a€new€source€set-aside€to€accommodateÐ ´ Ðgrowth€within€the€region.€€Third,€there€will€be€an€allocation€for€the€California€RECLAIMÐ  ð Ðprogram.€€Fourth,€existing€sources€will€receive€a€"floor"allocation€based€on€some€specified€levelÐ ŒÜ Ðof€control€€such€as€BACT,€BART,€LAER,€and€certain€renewable€energy€sources€also€will€beÐ xÈ Ðeligible€to€receive€an€allocation.€€The€remainder€of€the€allowances,€which€will€decline€over€theÐ d ´ Ðyears,€will€be€allocated€to€existing€sources.€€Each€sourceððs€allocation€will€be€specified€in€stateÐ P!  Ðand€tribal€implementation€plans€due€in€2003€and€every€fifth€year€thereafter.€€If€the€program€isÐ <"Œ  Ðtriggered,€sources€may€buy€and€sell€allowances€to€come€into€compliance.Ð (#x! ÐÌò òSTATE€AND€TRIBAL€OPT-IN€OR€OPT-OUTó ó€€Ð %P # ÐÌIn€the€event€that€states€or€tribes€with€existing€sources€in€the€region€choose€to€develop€theirÐ Ü&,"% Ðregional€haze€plans€under€ðð308,€proportional€adjustments€will€be€made€to€the€milestones€and€theÐ È'#& Ðprogram€components€will€be€altered€accordingly.Ð ´($' ÐÐ   )ð$( Ðò òOTHER€CLASS€I€AREASó ó€€Ð ° ÐÌIt€is€the€intention€of€the€states€and€participating€tribes€to€demonstrate€in€the€2003€ImplementationÐ ŒÜ ÐPlans,€that€the€milestones€and€backstop€trading€program€will€satisfy€the€ð ðgreater€reasonableÐ xÈ Ðprogress€than€BARTð" ð€requirements,€and€any€other€reasonable€progress€requirements€forÐ d´ Ðadditional€Class€I€areas€through€2018.€€This€demonstration€will€apply€to€all€sources€of€sulfurÐ P   Ðdioxide€participating€in€that€program.€€The€work€plan€and€resources€needed€to€make€thisÐ < Œ Ðdemonstration€in€the€2003€implementation€plans€will€be€identified€and€provided€by€the€WRAP.€Ð ( x ÐClass€I€areas€beyond€the€original€16€will€be€addressed€in€the€Annex,€even€if€only€to€identify€theÐ  d Ðprocess€and€procedures€to€address€this€issue€in€the€2003€implementation€plans.Ð  P  ÐÌFurther,€the€states€must€evaluate€other€sources€and€pollutants€in€order€to€demonstrate€reasonableÐ Ø(  Ðprogress€for€additional€Class€I€area.€€Although€it€is€their€intent€to€do€so,€the€states€and€tribesÐ Ä  Ðrecognize€that€it€may€not€be€practicable€to€satisfy€the€additional€Class€I€area€requirements€for€allÐ °  Ðother€sources€of€anthropogenic€emissions€besides€stationary€sources€(e.g.,€mobile€and€area€sourceÐ œì  Ðsectors),€and€for€all€species€of€visibility€impairing€pollutants€from€stationary€sources€(e.g.,€NO€òòxóóÐ ˆØ  Ðand€PM),€by€the€2003€deadline.€€States€have€the€option€of€addressing€these€additional€issues€later,Ð tÄ Ðin€a€2008€SIP.Ð `° ÐÌ