ÿWPCD –W ê.KwgÐEÝßäþ‡ñ-ÛÂ3IW²’…F0ªu”|¡ÚñËñ4_W¯—©T´øW ‰ ¬;6g‹µ%ÇðX(Ñú›—#Çü[?Á ú'­ª¥5#dŸÚ1xqb( Žøuµ!éÀ’Ø M•Â/Ê2µG?G…SœÀX,jr•'ôÕ!vÿ ÿ¢Â°\_=ÃÞv§!³ù»z5å5·W Ç,n9ÿEbУC­´ÝÉ+Ï·ãQm}Ö„£¿zž(m+Äë ÕxˆdUÖYNj‚†e~fqóÈ«|ù"öå’ƒ´]Cüƒ#èƒoß›ÖÐŒêÛB?Œ¢ÂU¶xå•Sn¸£Wßk°yHÓ®ϰŸêjYS#u±¯œyˆÑOÃZÃ˾e‡êlO¬‘S´5l˜RŠìãÕußXñOÉ…Îs7Ý»MIH­¢µàí}œ0ª: ô¾ÐXŽ·G§ö§ûß2&KL6JhÈéÊ@Bý÷³k@M¬Ë7©öí+«lÝZ¤‘Úá¤*ü@u<†(¬áJ_\ËU!8¤ÙÂ=Á[†ù°oþ^ ääääääääääääääääää 1‡ððððð 1‡wwwwwwwwwwwwwwEþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ BG#ÁGUN %VVVVVV m\\\\\\ 1‡ssssssss 0)cú 0w] 0ŠÔ 0 ^ 0´þ 0Dz 0Ûy 0ïTTTTT 1‡C 1‡ÊÊÊÊÊ 1‡QQQQQQ 1‡Ø 1‡___________________________________________________________________________________  æðð        $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.¯<)˜ jklmnopqhG/CEIMQUY]aAutoList1i)1)a)jklmnopqhW/CEIMQUY]aAutoList2i)1)a)CTriple 2+‰ d -d d˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularUXÿU‹ÿÀÀÀjklmnopqhg/CEIMQUY]aAutoList3i)1)a)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#àjklmnopqhw/CEIMQUY]aAutoList4i)1)a)jklmnopqh‡/CEIMQUY]aAutoList5i)1)a)jklmnopqh—/CEIMQUY]aAutoList6i)1)a)jklmnopqh§/CEIMQUY]aAutoList7i)1)a)jklmnopqh·/CEIMQUY]aAutoList8i)1)a)  Ñ ° Ñ Á    Ñ î ÑÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ€UX2­XXX2­ÔÔ% €Ö ÔÔ  Ôò òI.€€BACKGROUNDó óÔ Ô¬¨ÔÐ °< ÐÌßA€N&) °°xdoE°‡‰xAßÐ ˆ ÐÌ"Historically,€visibility€has€been€defined€as€òòthe€greatest€distance€at€which€an€observer€can€justÐ üˆ Ðsee€a€black€object€viewed€against€the€horizon€skyóó.€...Nevertheless,€visibility€is€more€than€beingÐ èt  Ðable€to€see€a€black€object€at€a€distance."€€(William€C.€Malm,€òòIntroduction€to€Visibility,óó€CIRA,Ð Ô `  ÐMay€1999)€€The€observer€of€the€spectacular€vistas€in€the€Class€I€areas€on€the€Colorado€PlateauÐ À L  Ðwill€notice€the€colors€of€the€scenery,€the€complexity€of€the€geologic€features,€the€shadows€ofÐ ¬ 8  Ðoverhead€clouds,€and€the€inherent€beauty€of€the€landscape€features.€€Particles€in€the€atmosphereÐ ˜ $  Ðinterfere€with€the€observerððs€ability€to€see€and€appreciate€the€landscape.€€Some€particles€scatterÐ „   Ðlight€so€that€the€observer€sees€a€gray-white€glare;€other€particles€absorb€light€so€that€the€sceneÐ pü  Ðappears€gray€and€definition€of€the€features€is€lost.€€òòIn€the€Western€United€States€average€visualÐ \è  Ðrange€is€about€100€-€150€kilometers,€about€one-half€to€two-thirds€of€the€visual€range€that€wouldÐ HÔ  Ðexist€without€manmade€air€pollution.€óó(Preamble,€Regional€Haze€rule,€64€FR€35715)Ð 4À ÐÌParticles€come€from€a€variety€of€sources€ranging€from€desert€dust€and€forest€fires€to€the€gaseousÐ  ˜ Ðemissions€of€cars€and€industrial€sources€that€combine€with€other€substances€in€the€atmosphere€toÐ ø„ Ðform€particles.€€The€specific€pollutants€affecting€visibility€are€sulfates,€nitrates,€organic€carbon,Ð äp Ðelemental€carbon,€and€soil€dust.Ð Ð\ ÐÌò òÔ% €Ù ÔÔ  ÔA.€€1977€Clean€Air€ActÔ Ô°Ôó óÐ ¨4 ÐÌIn€1977,€Congress€amended€the€Clean€Air€Act€to€include€provisions€to€protect€the€scenic€vistas€ofÐ €  Ðthe€nationððs€National€Parks€and€Wilderness€Areas.€€In€these€amendments,€Congress€declared€as€aÐ lø Ðnational€visibility€goal:Ð Xä ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àð ðThe€prevention€of€any€future,€and€the€remedying€of€any€existingÐ 0¼ Ðimpairment€of€visibility€in€mandatory€class€I€Federal€areas€whichÐ ¨  Ðimpairment€results€from€man„made€air€pollution.Д!` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌTo€address€this€goal,€the€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA)€developed€regulations€toÐ à l# Ðreduce€the€impact€of€large€industrial€sources€on€nearby€Class€I€areas.€€It€was€recognized€at€theÐ Ì!X$ Ðtime€that€regional€haze,€which€comes€from€a€wide€variety€of€sources€that€may€be€located€far€fromÐ ¸"D % Ða€Class€I€area,€was€also€a€part€of€the€visibility€problem.€€However,€monitoring€networks€andÐ ¤#0!& Ðvisibility€models€were€not€yet€developed€to€the€degree€that€was€necessary€to€understand€theÐ $"' Ðcauses€of€regional€haze.€Ð |%#( ÐÐ  h&ô#) Ðò òÔ% €Ú ÔÔ  ÔB.€€Grand€Canyon€Visibility€Transport€CommissionÔ Ô)µÔó óÐ ° ÐÌIn€1990,€Congress€amended€the€Clean€Air€Act,€and€as€part€of€these€amendments€created€theÐ ˆØ ÐGrand€Canyon€Visibility€Transport€Commission€(GCVTC).€€The€Commission€was€given€theÐ tÄ Ðcharge€to€assess€the€currently€available€scientific€information€pertaining€to€adverse€impacts€onÐ `° Ðvisibility€from€potential€growth€in€the€region,€identify€clean€air€corridors,€and€recommend€long„Ð L œ Ðrange€strategies€for€addressing€regional€haze.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌThe€GCVTC€completed€significant€technical€analysis€and€developed€recommendations€toÐ  ` Ðimprove€visibility€in€the€16€mandatory€federal€Class€I€areas€on€the€Colorado€Plateau.€€TheÐ ü L  ÐCommission€found€that€visibility€impairment€in€the€Colorado€Plateau€was€caused€by€a€wideÐ è 8  Ðvariety€of€sources€and€pollutants.€€A€comprehensive€strategy€was€needed€to€address€all€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðcauses€of€regional€haze.€€The€GCVTC€submitted€these€recommendations€to€EPA€in€a€report€datedÐ À  ÐJune€1996€for€consideration€in€rule€development.€€These€recommendations€were:Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÔ‡UôÍ‘òXUX2­Ôò òððà0  àAir€Pollution€Prevention.ó ó€Air€pollution€prevention€and€reduction€of€per€capita€pollution€is€a€high€priorityÐ „Ô  Ðfor€the€Commission.€The€Commission€recommends€policies€based€on€energy€conserva‚tion,€increased€energyÐ Jš Ðefficiency€and€promo‚tion€of€the€use€of€renewable€resources€for€energy€production.Ð^(#(# ÐÌò òððà0  àClean€Air€Corridors.ó ó€Clean€air€corridors€are€key€sources€of€clear€air€at€Class€I€areas,€and€the€CommissionÐ –æ Ðrecommends€careful€tracking€of€emissions€growth€that€may€affect€air€quality€in€these€corri‚dors.Ð\¬(#(# ÐÌò òððà0  àStationary€Sources.ó ó€For€stationary€sources,€the€Commission€recommends€closely€monitoring€the€impactsÐ ä4 Ðof€current€requirements€under€the€Clean€Air€Act€and€ongoing€source€attribution€studies.€Regional€targets€forÐ ªú ÐSOòò2óó€emissions€from€stationary€sources€will€be€set,€starting€in€2000.€€If€these€targets€are€exceeded,€this€wouldÐ n¾ Ðtrigger€a€regulatory€program,€probably€including€a€regional€cap€and€market„based€trading.€€During€the€nextÐ 2‚ Ðyear,€participants€in€the€Commission's€process€will€develop€a€detailed€plan€for€an€emissions€cap€and€marketÐ öF Ðtrading€program.к (#(# ÐÌò òððà0  àAreas€In€And€Near€Parks.ó ó€The€Commission's€research€and€modeling€show€that€a€host€of€identified€sourcesÐ B’ Ðadjacent€to€parks€and€wilderness€areas,€including€large€urban€areas,€have€significant€visibility€impacts.Ð X ÐHowever,€the€Commission€lacks€sufficient€data€regarding€the€visibility€impacts€of€emissions€from€someÐ Ì Ðareas€in€and€near€parks€and€wilderness€areas.€€In€general,€the€models€used€by€the€Commission€are€notÐ à  Ðreadily€applicable€to€such€areas.€€Pending€further€studies€of€these€areas,€the€Commission€recommends€thatÐ T ¤! Ðlocal,€state,€tribal,€federal,€and€private€parties€cooperatively€develop€strategies,€expand€data€collection,€andÐ !h" Ðimprove€modeling€for€reducing€or€preventing€visibility€impairment€in€areas€within€and€adjacent€to€parks€andÐ Ü!,# Ðwilderness€areas.Р"ð$(#(# ÐÌò òððà0  àMobile€Sources.ó ó€The€Commission€recognizes€that€mobile€source€emissions€are€projected€to€decreaseÐ ($x& Ðthrough€about€2005€due€to€improved€control€technologies.€The€Commission€recommends€capping€emissionsÐ î$> ' Ðat€the€lowest€level€achieved€and€establishing€a€regional€emissions€budget,€and€also€endorses€nationalÐ ²%!( Ðstrategies€aimed€at€further€reducing€tailpipe€emissions,€including€the€so„called€49„state€low€emissionÐ v&Æ!) Ðvehicle,€or€49„state€LEV.Ð:'Š"*(#(# ÐÌò òððà0  àRoad€Dust.ó ó€€The€Commission's€technical€assessment€indicates€that€road€dust€is€a€large€contributor€toÐ Â($, Ðvisibility€impairment€on€the€Colorado€Plateau.€€As€such,€it€requires€urgent€attention.€€However,€due€toÐ ˆ)Ø$- Ðconsiderable€skepticism€regarding€the€modeled€contribution€of€road€dust€to€visibility€impairment,€theÐ L*œ%. ÐCommission€recommends€further€study€in€order€to€resolve€the€uncertainties€regarding€both€near„field€andÐ +`&/ Ðdistant€effects€of€road€dust,€prior€to€taking€remedial€action.€€Since€this€emissions€source€is€potentially€such€aÐ Ô+$'0 Ðsignificant€contributor,€the€Commission€feels€that€it€deserves€high€priority€attention€and,€if€warranted,Ð ˜,è'1 Ðadditional€emissions€management€actions.€€Ð\-¬(2(#(# Їò òððà0  àEmissions€from€Mexico.ó ó€€Mexican€sources€are€also€shown€to€be€significant€contri‚butors,€particularly€ofÐ ° ÐSOòò2óó€emissions.€€However,€data€gaps€and€jurisdictional€issues€make€this€a€difficult€issue€for€the€CommissionÐ vÆ Ðto€address€directly.€€The€Commission€recommenda‚tions€call€for€continued€binational€collaboration€to€workÐ :Š Ðon€this€problem,€as€well€as€additional€efforts€to€complete€emissions€inventories€and€increase€monitoringÐ þN Ðcapacities.€€These€matters€should€receive€high€priority€for€regional€and€national€action.€ÐÂ(#(# ÐÌò òððà0  àFire.ó ó€The€Commission€recognizes€that€fire€plays€a€significant€role€in€visibility€on€the€Plateau.€In€fact,€landÐ J š Ðmanagers€propose€aggressive€prescribed€fire€programs€aimed€at€correcting€the€buildup€of€biomass€due€toÐ  ` Ðdecades€of€fire€suppression.€Therefore,€prescribed€fire€and€wildfire€levels€are€projected€to€increaseÐ Ô $ Ðsignificantly€during€the€studied€period.€The€Commission€recom‚mends€the€implementa‚tion€of€programs€toÐ ˜ è  Ðminimize€emissions€and€visibility€impacts€from€prescribed€fire,€as€well€as€to€educate€the€public.€Ð\ ¬ (#(# ÐÌò òððà0  àFuture€Regional€Coordinating€Entity.€€ó óFinally,€the€Commission€believes€there€is€a€need€for€an€entity€likeÐ ä 4  Ðthe€Commission€to€oversee,€promote,€and€support€many€of€the€recommen‚dations€in€this€report.€To€supportÐ ªú  Ðthat€entity,€the€Commission€has€developed€a€set€of€recommendations€addressing€the€future€administrative,Ð n¾  Ðtechnical€and€funding€needs€of€the€Commission€or€a€new€regional€entity€and€has€asked€the€OperationsÐ 2‚  ÐCommittee€to€complete€detailed€plans€by€September,€1996.€€The€Commission€strongly€urges€the€EPA€andÐ öF  ÐCongress€to€provide€funding€for€these€vital€functions€and€give€them€a€priority€reflective€of€the€nationalÐ º  Ðimportance€of€the€Class€I€areas€on€the€Colorado€Plateau.Ð~Î (#(# ÐÔ#†UX2­XòUôÍ‘!º#ÔÌThe€stationary€source€recommendations€were€a€key€part€of€the€overall€CommissionÐ .~ Ðrecommendations€because€they€established€a€backstop€trading€program€that€would€beÐ j Ðimplemented€if€the€Commission€goals€were€not€met€through€voluntary€measures.€€TheÐ V Ðprojections€and€analyses€undertaken€by€the€GCVTC€indicated€that€existing€requirements€underÐ òB Ðthe€Clean€Air€Act,€coupled€with€voluntary€measures€undertaken€by€sources,€would€result€in€Ð Þ. Ðsufficient€reductions€to€address€visibility€concerns.€€The€purpose€of€the€backstop€trading€programÐ Ê Ðis€to€ensure€that€the€emission€reduction€goals€necessary€to€demonstrate€reasonable€progress€inÐ ¶ Ðaccordance€with€the€regional€haze€rule€do€indeed€occur€ð!ð€if€sufficient€reductions€as€defined€byÐ ¢ò Ðthe€milestones€are€not€achieved,€the€backstop€trading€program€will€be€activated€to€ensure€furtherÐ ŽÞ Ðregional€reductions.€The€backstop€program€would€begin€within€one€year€after€emissions€areÐ zÊ Ðdetermined€to€exceed€the€relevant€milestone,€and€compliance€is€required€within€five€years€afterÐ f¶ Ðthis€determination.€€Program€design€elements€such€as€rigorous€monitoring€and€reporting,€publicÐ R¢ Ðavailability€of€emissions€and€allowance€data,€as€well€as€compliance€information,€would€ensureÐ >Ž  Ðconfidence€of€the€regulators€and€the€public€that€requisite€reductions€are€achieved€under€thisÐ * z! Ðbackstop€program.€€The€GCVTC€encouraged€states€and€tribes€to€review€the€visibility€impacts€ofÐ !f" Ðuncontrolled€pollution€sources€at€Class€I€sites€on€the€Colorado€Plateau€and€make€expeditiousÐ "R# Ðdetermination€regarding€the€need€for€additional€pollution€controls€pursuant€to€the€Clean€Air€ActÐ î">$ Ð(CAA)€to€address€reasonably€attributable€impairment.€€Until€such€time€the€trading€program€isÐ Ú#*% Ðtriggered,€however,€all€stationary€source€reductions€for€the€widespread€issue€of€regional€haze€willÐ Æ$ & Ðbe€of€a€voluntary€nature.€€Ð ²%!' ÐÐ  ž&î!( ÐThe€stationary€source€goals€are€described€in€greater€detail€below.Ð ° ÐÌà8  àÔ‡UôÍ‘òXUX2­Ôò ò1.à ` àImplement€existing€Clean€Air€Act€requirements€through€the€year€2000.ó óЈØÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àImplementation€of€existing€Clean€Air€Act€requirements€is€expected€to€result€in€aÐ ^ Ðsignificant€decrease€in€sulfur€dioxide€emissions€and€their€contribution€to€light€extinction€in€theÐ Ò" Ðshort€term€(1990-2000).€€€...€€€States€and€tribes€are€encouraged€to€review€the€visibility€impacts€atÐ – æ ÐClass€I€sites€on€the€Colorado€Plateau€of€uncontrolled€pollution€sources€and€make€expeditiousÐ Z ª Ðdeterminations€regarding€the€need€for€additional€pollution€controls€pursuant€to€the€Clean€Air€Act.€Ð  n ÐTo€the€extent€decisions€are€made€to€require€additional€emission€reductions€at€existing€facilities,€theÐ â 2  ÐCommission€supports€the€adoption€of€the€best,€most€cost-effective€strategies.Ц ö Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àò ò2.à ` àEstablish€stationary€source€emission€targets€as€regulatory€triggers.ó óÐ.~ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àa)à ` àAn€SO2€emissions€target€for€stationary€sources€will€be€established€effective€in€the€yearÐ ´  Ð2000.€€The€level€of€the€target€would€be€calculated€by€(1)€determining€the€amount€of€emissionÐ xÈ  Ðreductions€that€has€actually€been€achieved€(or€legally€committed€to)€between€1990€and€2000;€(2)Ð <Œ  Ðcomparing€the€actual€reduction€to€the€13%€reduction€from€1990€actual€emission€levels€that€wasÐ P  Ðprojected€by€the€Baseline€Forecast€Scenario;€(3)€assuming€the€actual€reduction€is€higher€than€theÐ Ä Ðprojected€reduction,€set€the€emissions€target€at€a€level€midway€between€the€projected€and€actual,Ð ˆØ Ðunless€any€affected€party€convinces€the€Commission€or€its€successor€that€a€different€distribution€isÐ Lœ Ðneeded€(e.g.,€emissions€growth€in€undeveloped€areas,€operational€flexibility€needs,€deterioratingÐ ` Ðvisibility).€€As€part€of€this€calculation,€the€1990€emissions€inventory€will€be€compared€to€theÐ Ô$ Ðreported€emissions€to€1995/1996€data€now€available€from€sources€(all€utilities€and€many€stationaryÐ ˜è Ðsources€have€Continuous€Emission€Monitors).€Ð\¬Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àb)à ` àAn€ultimate€SO2€emissions€target€for€the€visibility€Transport€Region€will€be€establishedÐ ä4 Ðfor€the€year€2040€that€locks€in€the€50-70%€reduction€in€SO2€emissions€projected€by€the€BaselineÐ ¨ø ÐForecast€Scenario.€€Interim€targets€may€also€be€needed€to€ensure€steady€and€continuing€emissionÐ l¼ Ðreductions€and€to€promote€investment€in€pollution€prevention€(in€accordance€with€five€year€reviewÐ 0€ Ðperiods€as€described€in€#4€below).€€ÐôDÐ Ð  Ðà  àÌà8  àc)à ` àVarious€emissions€management€options€for€stationary€source€NOx€and€PM€will€beÐ |Ì  Ðexplored,€including€considering€the€establishment€of€emission€targets,€in€order€to€avoid€any€netÐ @! Ðincrease€in€these€pollutants€from€stationary€sources€within€the€region€as€a€whole€and€to€provide€aÐ T" Ðfoundation€for€future€incorporation€into€a€multi-pollutant€and€possibly€multi-source€market-basedÐ È# Ðprogram.ÐŒ Ü$Ð Ð  Ðà  àà ` àÌà8  àò ò3.à ` àDevelop€a€plan€for€allocating€trading€credits€under€a€regulatory€program€emissionsÐ "d& Ðcap.ó óÐÖ"&'Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àa)à ` àDevelopment€of€an€equitable€plan€for€allocating€the€trading€credits€among€existing€andÐ \$¬) Ðfuture€sources€will€be€accelerated.€€The€Commission€expects€that€the€targets€will€be€met€based€onÐ  %p * Ðexisting€commitments€and€other€actions€that€are€likely€to€be€required€because€of€ongoing€sourceÐ ä%4!+ Ðattribution€studies.€€However,€in€order€to€create€economic€incentives€for€early€reductions€as€well€asÐ ¨&ø!, Ðto€provide€flexibility€and€certainty€to€sources€in€planning€future€actions,€participants€in€theÐ l'¼"- ÐCommission's€process€are€committed€to€designing€the€plan€before€the€EPA€takes€final€action€on€theÐ 0(€#. ÐCommission€s€recommendations€so€that€the€elements€of€that€program€can€be€incorporated€into€theÐ ô(D$/ Ðfederal€regulatory€program.€€(The€estimated€date€for€completing€development€of€the€program€isÐ ¸)%0 ÐJune,€1997).€€A€number€of€factors€will€be€considered€in€developing€the€program,€includingÐ |*Ì%1 Ðmeasures€to:Ð@+&2Ð Ð  ÐÌÓ€ jklmnopq(G/x3]ÓÝ"‚j3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚j3£ŠíÝÔ2G/ÔððÔ3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  Ýprevent€new€sources€from€causing€the€target€to€be€exceeded;݃j3£ŠíÃíÝŒÐÈ,(4` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÐ Œ-Ü(5 ÐÓ€ jklmnopq(W/xxjklmnopqÓÝ"‚j3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚j3£%ïÝÔ2W/ÔððÔ3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  Ýaccount€for€sources€which€achieve€emission€reductions€early€or€have€achieved€maximumÐ ° Ðcontrol€efficiency;݃j3£%ï^ïÝŒÐtÄ` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÓ€ bjklmnopq(g/xxjklmnopqÓÝ"‚j3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚j3£íðÝÔ2g/ÔððÔ3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  Ýensure€that€all€allocations€to€tribal€lands,€rural€areas€and€relatively€undeveloped€areasÐ üL Ð(e.g.,€clean€air€corridors)€are€of€practical€benefit;€and݃j3£íð&ñÝŒÐÀ` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÓ€ vjklmnopq(w/xxbjklmnopqÓÝ"‚j3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚j3£àòÝÔ2w/ÔððÔ3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  Ýaccount€for€the€effects€of€increases€or€decreases€of€emissions€on€visibility.€Ýƒj3£àòóÝŒÐH ˜` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà8  àb)à ` àIn€order€to€generate€information€for€development€and€implementation€of€theÐ Ð  Ðincentive-based€program,€owners€and€operators€of€existing€facilities€located€within€the€TransportÐ ” ä  ÐRegion€should:€(1)€by€1997,€notify€states€and€tribes€of€existing€or€planned€pollution€control€orÐ X ¨  Ðprevention€measures;€and€(2)€report€biannually€on€efforts€that€are€being€made€to€manage€theirÐ  l  Ðemissions€or€engage€in€other€transactions€to€voluntarily€meet€their€emissions€reductionsÐ à 0  Ðresponsibility€per€the€trading€credit€allocation€scheme.€€These€plans€would€not€be€incorporated€asÐ ¤ô  Ðenforceable€permit€conditions€or€SIP€revisions€except€as€noted€below.Ðh¸ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àò ò4.€Review€compliance€with€targets€and€establish€incentives.€ó óÐð@ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àProgress€in€complying€with€the€emissions€target(s)€would€be€assessed€in€the€year€2000€and€atÐ vÆ  Ðfive-year€intervals€thereafter.Ð:ŠÐ Ð  Ðà  àÌà8  àa)à ` àIn€2000,€or€any€subsequent€five-year€review€period,€if€the€regional€target€in€effect€at€thatÐ Â Ðperiod€has€not€been€exceeded€no€additional€regulatory€program€will€be€required.€Any€source€thatÐ †Ö Ðhas€contributed€significantly€to€achieving€the€needed€reductions€by€going€beyond€compliance€orÐ Jš Ðachieving€early€reductions€will€be€rewarded.€For€instance,€the€following€rewards€could€beÐ ^ Ðincluded:€ÐÒ"Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  ÐÓ€ wjklmnopq(‡/xxvjklmnopqÓÝ"‚j3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚j3£ûúÝÔ2‡/ÔððÔ3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  Ýan€exemption€from€any€interim€target€requirements€that€might€be€established;݃j3£ûú4ûÝŒÐZª` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÓ€ |jklmnopq(—/xxwjklmnopqÓÝ"‚j3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚j3£“üÝÔ2—/ÔððÔ3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  Ýstreamlined€treatment€in€the€permitting€process;݃j3£“üÌüÝŒÐâ2` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÓ€ ‚jklmnopq(§/xx|jklmnopqÓÝ"‚j3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚j3£þÝÔ2§/ÔððÔ3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  Ýability€to€bank€emissions;€or݃j3£þHþÝŒÐjº` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÓ€ ƒjklmnopq(·/xx‚jklmnopqÓÝ"‚j3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚j3£xÿÝÔ2·/ÔððÔ3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  Ýbonus€allowances€if€credits€are€used€to€achieve€development€on€tribal€lands€or€other€areasÐ òB! Ðthat€are€relatively€undeveloped.€€Ýƒj3£xÿ±ÿ݌ж"` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àIncentives€will€be€further€developed€and€included€in€the€design€of€the€program.€ÐzÊ#Ð Ð  Ðà  àÌà8  àb)à ` àIn€2000,€or€at€any€subsequent€five-year€review€period,€if€the€regional€emissions€target€hasÐ !R% Ðbeen€exceeded,€a€regulatory€program€(most€likely€an€emissions€cap€and€incentive-based€marketÐ Æ!& Ðtrading€program)€will€be€implemented.€€Any€source€that€is€exceeding€the€emission€allocationÐ Š"Ú' Ðpresented€in€the€plan€will€have€no€more€than€five€years€to€come€into€compliance€and€anyÐ N#ž( Ðreductions€achieved€will€be€discounted.€€Other€disincentives€will€be€developed€and€included€in€theÐ $b) Ðdesign€of€the€program.ÐÖ$& *Ð Ð  ÐÌò òà8  à5.€€Complete€source€attribution€studies.ó óÐ^&®!,Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€Commission€strongly€encourages€the€EPA€to€complete,€within€one€year,€the€sourceÐ ä'4#. Ðattribution€study€currently€underway€at€the€Mohave€Power€Project.€Further,€the€CommissionÐ ¨(ø#/ Ðstrongly€encourages€the€EPA€to€take€action€consistent€with€the€results€of€that€study€within€twelveÐ l)¼$0 Ðmonths€of€its€completion.€€The€Commission€supports€the€commitment€by€the€Mohave€PowerÐ 0*€%1 ÐProject€to€maintain€voluntarily€its€emissions€at€or€below€current€levels€(e.g.,€an€average€of€the€pastÐ ô*D&2 Ðtwo€year's€emission€levels).и+'3Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àò ò6.€€Develop€an€improved€monitoring€and€accounting€system.ó óÐ@-(5Ð Ð  ÐÐ .R)6 Ðà8  àà ` àA€major€deficiency€in€the€technical€analysis€associated€with€the€GCVTC€activities€hasÐ ° Ðbeen€the€lack€of€adequate€and€reliable€monitoring€data.€In€order€for€any€visibility€policy€to€beÐ tÄ Ðeffective,€there€must€be€an€adequate€benchmark€of€existing€conditions€against€which€to€measureÐ 8ˆ Ðprogress.€To€obtain€a€better€understanding€of€visibility€throughout€the€Colorado€Plateau,€Class€IÐ üL Ðareas€other€than€Hopi€Point€in€the€Grand€Canyon€need€to€be€included€as€receptors€in€visibilityÐ À Ðmodeling€and€additional€monitoring€sites€should€be€established.€Ð„ÔÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àEmissions€in€the€Transport€Region€provide€another€benchmark€against€which€to€measureÐ  \ Ðprogress.€An€accurate€and€credible€emissions€accounting€method€will€be€essential€in€determiningÐ Ð  Ðcompliance€with€the€emissions€targets€or€caps.€Shortcomings€in€the€emissions€inventory€need€to€beÐ ” ä  Ðremedied,€and€a€method€for€routinely€tracking€emissions€needs€to€be€developed.€€ÐX ¨ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àIt€is€critical€that€the€emissions€monitoring€and€tracking€system€be€developed€quickly€soÐ à 0  Ðthat€emission€reductions€achieved€between€now€and€the€year€2000€can€be€recorded€and€so€thatÐ ¤ô  Ðthose€areas€that€are€presently€lower-emitting€can€receive€appropriate€credit.€If€an€incentive-basedÐ h¸  Ðregulatory€program€is€implemented€after€the€year€2000,€early€emission€reductions€achieved€beforeÐ ,|  Ðthe€year€2000€should€be€awarded€credit,€provided€established€criteria€are€satisfied.ððÐð@ Ð Ð  ÐÔ#†UX2­XòUôÍ‘pÚ#ÔÌò òÔ% €Û ÔÔ  ÔC.€€Regional€Haze€RuleÔ e€YÔó óÐ  ð  ÐÌOn€April€22,€1999,€the€EPA€issued€regulations€to€improve€visibility€in€156€national€parks€andÐ xÈ Ðwilderness€areas€across€the€country€by€addressing€regional€haze.€€These€regulations€wereÐ d´ Ðpublished€in€the€Federal€Register€on€July€1,€1999€(64€FR€35714).€€The€regional€haze€regulationsÐ P  Ðrequire€states€to€establish€goals€for€improving€visibility€and€to€develop€long-term€strategies€forÐ <Œ Ðreducing€emissions€of€pollutants€that€cause€visibility€impairment.€€Ð (x ÐÌThe€regional€haze€rule€establishes€in€ðð309€specific€SIP€requirements€which€may€be€used€by€theÐ P Ðnine€"transport€region€states"€included€in€the€GCVTC€analysis€(Arizona,€California,€Colorado,Ð ì< ÐIdaho,€Nevada,€New€Mexico,€Oregon,€Utah,€and€Wyoming)€and€the€211€tribes€in€the€sameÐ Ø( Ðgeographic€area€to€satisfy€the€national€regional€haze€rule€requirements€for€the€period€from€2003Ð Ä Ðto€2018.€€These€states€and€tribes€also€have€the€option€to€submit€SIPs€and€TIPs€under€theÐ ° Ðnationally€applicable€ðð308€provisions.€€Because€of€the€substantial€work€that€has€already€beenÐ œì Ðcompleted€by€the€GCVTC,€the€ðð309€plans€will€be€submitted€by€2003€as€opposed€to€as€late€asÐ ˆØ  Ð2008€under€ðð308.Ð t Ä! ÐÌIn€order€for€any€of€the€transport€region€states€to€pursue€compliance€with€the€regional€haze€ruleÐ L"œ# Ðthrough€ðð309,€these€states€must€submit€an€Annex€to€the€Commission€Report€to€EPA€by€OctoberÐ 8#ˆ$ Ð1,€2000.€€The€Annex€is€required€to€include€quantitative€emission€reduction€milestones€forÐ $$t% Ðstationary€source€sulfur€dioxide€(SO2)€emissions€for€the€reporting€years€2003,€2008,€2013,€andÐ %` & Ð2018.€€These€milestones€must€reflect€"steady€and€continuing€emissions€reductions€for€theÐ ü%L!' Ð2003-2018€time€period...to€provide€for€greater€reasonable€progress€than€would€have€beenÐ è&8"( Ðachieved€by€application€of€Best€Achievable€Retrofit€Technology€(BART)."€€The€Annex€is€alsoÐ Ô'$#) Ðrequired€to€include€documentation€of€a€backstop€market€trading€program€to€be€implemented€ifÐ À($* Ðcurrent€programs€and€voluntary€measures€are€not€sufficient€to€meet€these€emission€reductionÐ ¬)ü$+ Ðmilestones.€Ð ˜*è%, ÐÌWhile€transport€region€states€are€also€provided€the€option€of€complying€with€the€rule€through€theÐ p,À'. Ðprovisions€designed€for€the€remainder€of€the€states€impacted€by€the€regional€haze€rule,€pursuit€ofÐ \-¬(/ Ððð309€allows€these€states€to€capitalize€on€the€work€completed€in€the€GCVTC,€and€therefore€relyÐ ° Ðon€previous€modeling,€inventories,€and€analyses€for€the€16€Class€I€areas€on€the€Colorado€Plateau.€Ð œì ÐAdditionally,€sources€in€states€pursuing€a€regional€trading€program€will€benefit€from€the€costÐ ˆØ Ðeffectiveness€associated€with€the€use€of€a€trading€program€to€achieve€emission€reductions.€Ð tÄ ÐThough€a€regional€trading€program€is€also€a€compliance€option€under€the€alternative€provisionsÐ `° Ðof€the€rule,€pursuit€of€the€trading€program€under€ðð309€allows€incorporation€of€the€work€of€theÐ L œ ÐGCVTC€and€capitalizes€on€already€existing€regional€relationships.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌò òÔ% €Ü ÔÔ  ÔD.€€Western€Regional€Air€PartnershipÔ e€+Ôó óÐ  ` ÐÌThe€Western€Regional€Air€Partnership€(WRAP)€was€established€in€1997€as€the€successorÐ è 8  Ðorganization€of€the€Grand€Canyon€Visibility€Transport€Commission.€€The€WRAP€is€charged€withÐ Ô$  Ðimplementing€the€Commission€recommendations,€as€well€as€addressing€broader€air€quality€issuesÐ À  Ðthat€affect€all€western€states.€€The€WRAP€is€designed€as€a€stakeholder„based€organization.€Ð ¬ü  ÐStates,€Tribes,€Federal€Agencies,€environmental€groups,€and€industry€representatives€work€in€aÐ ˜è  Ðcooperative€process€to€develop€recommendations€that€meet€the€environmental€goals€in€the€mostÐ „Ô  Ðeffective€way.€€The€Committees€and€Forums€of€the€WRAP€have€worked€diligently€over€the€lastÐ pÀ Ðthree€years€to€develop€the€details€of€the€Annex€to€the€Commission€recommendations.Ð \¬ ÐÌIt€should€be€noted€that€the€work€of€the€WRAP€with€stationary€sources€is€only€one€part€of€aÐ 4„ Ðcomplete€package€to€address€regional€haze.€€Other€forums€established€by€the€WRAP€are€workingÐ  p Ðon€control€strategies€for€other€contributors€to€haze,€such€as€fire,€road€dust€and€mobile€sources.€Ð  \ ÐThe€overall€impacts€of€these€programs€on€visibility€will€not€be€apparent€until€all€the€forums€haveÐ øH Ðcompleted€their€work€and€the€results€have€been€modeled.Ð  ä4 ÐÌÌÐ  ˆØ ÐÑ€ýïhÑÑ€×OaÑ