ÿWPCT ë™éá,ö¼Q}Úâ^È#Z<ÜïˆGª›ïËŸ).ôUÐk5Q‡;©Z6Þ ,M4eâEšî-ïáe…ý,£ì_ÉGY]d${c£È¡Öb¬öƒƒž} Áæìë39bUÇá[((aøº(5 04yðV> ë!ýâŸ].¬Ð¯ÅêØàGÁ‡ |}EI»ýYžtT‘Ûa:Þ‡œù…üøpr5ýVV{9$U9’̧˥²¥È³…h£¬ï–§ñÚ¯{©ÈKYÂÉàU ý‹.üd 5u_þ \¤ö½úáPqòŽ®Yx$(ÉÕƒ·Î>ß®}I*ǬþºAä»â(T¯~öFqa`‘èÉ—{……*,<–Ýæ÷Pï5È”òñGÔœ &@>£|¡ˆPüäü| &Ñ'§ýE7Ü?»ìç:žCˆ4ëy÷ºÀî(µ¸2_ev6¶óWà6¼?r™2¶"©½5¿Á"†³× 3¥Ã(˜¥ˆÝö#‰hº¹íAá»ø^ Ã]è³Sþï› hl¥F#‚y¤1/óXwÈ%ˆÌ¨32¼#r´l`@K«>Õ NüU¬_o¬H»Î¡«lä[H"4ÿª~0æº`0}#!ÖUN÷ %E 0EK K b ^ ˜ w¤ 4¨ ¼ Ë mÍ 7ä É U Nä 1‡2 0N¹UNÚUM/Í33333333333 1‡N‡ 0c‰ AQììÆ= 0D D/GG Bvvvvvvvv B“ 0{°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 0c++++++++ 0cŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽññññññññññññ 0îùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 1mç˜\\ENRDOLS03\HP LaserJet 8100 Series PCL 5e0(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman RegularX&>¤$¡Ô€X¤œXXXÔ- ù-a{è,b—›Ê,Time=00:00 3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ -Ý ƒkÊá$ÝÔ€Xå:XXXÔÓÞÓÒ°°ÒÑ @ ÑÑ@ÑòòòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóóò òÔôÿààôÿôÿÔÔ ¼ °Ô/ó óóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡Xå:XXXå:Ô€As€an€example,€the€effort€to€trace€the€contribution€of€the€Navajo€Generating€Station€to€haze€inÐ ¼  Ðthe€Grand€Canyon€took€eight€years,€cost€approximately€$8€million,€and€yielded€inconclusiveÏresults.€€òòSeeóó€Dissent€at€3,€n.5;€EPA€Br.€at€38,€citing€JA1109.€€Ô#†Xå:XXXå:Õ#Ô ¿Ý ƒkÊá$ÝÔ€Xå:XXXÔÓÞÓÒ°°ÒÑ @ ÑÑ@ÑòòòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóóò òÔôÿààôÿôÿÔÔ ¼ °Ô/ó óóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€The€statute€explicitly€authorizes€one€mechanism€for€exempting€individual€sources€from€controlÐ ¼  Ðrequirements€on€the€basis€of€their€individual€contributions€to€visibility€impairment:€€a€source€mayÏbe€excused€from€the€BART€provisions€if€it€can€demonstrate€òòtoóó€òòtheóó€òòAdministratoróó€that€it€does€notÐ xÈ Ðcontribute€in€any€way€to€a€significant€impairment€of€visibility€in€a€Class€I€area.€€òòSeeóó€42€U.S.C.€ððÐ V¦ Ð7491(c)(1).&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(õ£EGMSY_ekqAutoList12IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(&2]$´´Ô2õ£ÔIIÔ3  Ôà0  à&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ÐÝ ƒkÊá$ÝÔ€Xå:XXXÔÓÞÓÒ°°ÒÑ @ ÑÑ@ÑòòòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóóò òÔôÿààôÿôÿÔÔ ¼ °Ô/ó óóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Because€Congress€expressly€conferred€authority€upon€òòEPAóó€to€grant€source„specific€exemptions,Ð ¼  Ðthe€panel€majorityððs€suggestion€that€EPA€might€authorize€a€state€exemption€mechanism,€slip€op.Ïat€12,€is€inherently€problematic. ÃÝ ƒkÊá$ÝÔ€Xå:XXXÔÓÞÓÒ°°ÒÑ @ ÑÑ@ÑòòòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóóò òÔôÿààôÿôÿÔÔ ¼ °Ô/ó óóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€The€two€are:€ð ðany€existing€pollution€control€technology€in€use€òòatóó€òòtheóó€òòsourceóóðð€and€ð ðtheÐ ¼  Ðremaining€useful€life€òòofóó€òòtheóó€òòsourceóó.ðð€€42€U.S.C.€ðð€7491(g)(2)€(emphasis€added). å£EGMSY_ekqAutoList11IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(;3Ö$¦¦Ý ƒ>¤!ÝÔ€X¤œXXXÔÝ  Ý1VN25Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó77'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd d(MÃß$òòòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóóò òÔôÿììôÿôÿÔÔ ¼ °Ô/ó óóó(;3Ö$££Ý ƒ>¤!ÝÔ€X¤œXXXÔÝ  Ý(;3Ö$¢¢Ý ƒ>¤!ÝÔ€X¤œXXXÔÝ  Ý (yM2Êá$¤¤Ý ƒ>¤!ÝÔ€X¤œXXXÔÝ  ÝÓÞÓÒ°°ÒÑ  ÑÑÑòòòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóóò òÔôÿããôÿôÿÔÔ ¼ °Ô/ó óóó# e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)Ý ƒ>¤!ÝÔ€Xå:XXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€å:XXdìdÈ8ÑÑ€ÑÑ  Ñòòà@eeìàò òCONCISE€STATEMENT€OF€ISSUES€AND€THEIR€IMPORTANCEó óóóˆÐ ° ÐÌÓÓà  àThe€Environmental€Protection€Agencyððs€Regional€Haze€Rule€(ð ðHaze€Ruleðð)€wasÏpromulgated€by€EPA€to€implement€the€Clean€Air€Actððs€express€goal€of€remedying€and€preventingÏimpairment€of€visibility€in€national€parks€and€wilderness€areas€that€results€from€manmade€airÏpollution.€€42€U.S.C.€ðð€7491.€€In€part,€this€goal€is€to€be€effectuated€through€installation€of€ð ðbestÏavailable€retrofit€technologyðð€(ð ðBARTðð)€on€each€older€source€of€pollution€that€ð ðemits€any€airÏpollutant€which€may€reasonably€be€anticipated€to€cause€or€contribute€to€any€impairment€ofÏvisibility€in€any€such€area€.€.€.€.ðð€€42€U.S.C.€ðð€7491(b)(2)(A).€€In€the€Haze€Rule,€EPA€determinedÏthat€the€quoted€language€requires€the€States€to€mandate€the€installation€of€BART€at€a€majorÏstationary€source€even€without€a€determination€of€that€particular€sourceððs€direct€contribution€toÏvisibility€impairment€in€the€protected€area,€so€long€as€the€source€is€emitting€a€pollutant€ofÏconcern€into€an€area€from€which€pollutants€are€likely€to€be€transported€downwind€into€a€protectedÏarea.€€Significantly,€the€National€Academy€of€Sciences€had€earlier€determined€that€the€alternativeÏapproach€ð!ð€requiring€a€source„specific€mapping€of€contributions€to€visibility€impairment€inÏprotected€areas€ð!ð€is€prohibitively€costly€and€time„consuming,€and€is€ð ðdoomed€to€failure.ððÌà  àOn€May€24,€2002,€a€divided€panel€of€this€Court€(Judges€Edwards€and€Randolph,€withÏJudge€Garland€dissenting)€declined€to€decide€whether€EPAððs€collective€contribution€approach€isÏpermissible€under€section€7491(b)(2)(A).€€òòAmerican€Corn€Growers€Assððn€v.€EPAóó,€No.€99„1348,Ð $X" Ðslip€op.€at€13„14€(€D.C.€Cir.€May€24,€2002)€(hereafter€ð ðSlip€op.ðð).€€From€a€practical€standpoint,Ïhowever,€the€panel€majority€effectively€decided€that€question€by€rejecting€EPAððs€interpretation€ofÏa€related€BART€provision€ð!ð€42€U.S.C.€ðð€7491(g)(2)€ð!ð€and€finding€that€the€statute€unambiguouslyÏrequires€a€source„by„source€determination€of€visibility€òòimprovementóó€from€proposed€BARTÐ h+¸&* Ðcontrols€before€BART„based€emission€limits€can€be€imposed€on€a€source.€€òòId.óó€at€10.€€TheÐ @-(, Ðmajority€also€found€an€impermissible€constraint€on€state€authority€in€the€portions€of€the€HazeÏRule€concerning€State€implementation€of€the€BART€requirements€of€section€169A,€42€U.S.C.€ððÏ7491.€€The€panel€majority€held€that€the€Act€unambiguously€gives€the€States€ð ðbroad€authority€overÏBART€determinations,ðð€slip€op.€at€12,€and€that€ð ð[t]he€Haze€Rule€attempts€to€deprive€states€ofÏsome€of€this€statutory€authority€in€contravention€of€the€Act.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€13.Ð  ` Ðà  àThe€issues€presented€by€this€petition€for€rehearing€en€banc€are:Ìà  à1.€€Whether€the€panel€majority€erred€in€construing€section€169A(g)(2)€of€the€Act,€42ÏU.S.C.€ðð7491(g)(2),€as€unambiguously€requiring€States,€in€determining€what€emission€controlsÏmajor€sources€of€air€pollution€must€install€to€prevent€impairment€of€visibility€in€national€parksÏand€other€protected€areas,€to€consider€the€degree€of€visibility€improvement€achievable€throughÏthe€use€of€emission€controls€on€a€source„specific€(rather€than€collective)€basis;Ìà  à2.€€Whether€the€panel€majority€erred€in€holding€that€the€Haze€Rule€impermissiblyÏconstrains€state€authority€to€determine€whether€a€source€is€subject€to€the€Actððs€BARTÏrequirements.Ìà  àòòThe€Panel€Majorityððs€Holding€Is€Inconsistent€with€Decisions€of€this€Courtóó.€€TheÐ €Ð Ðmajorityððs€decision€departs€abruptly€from€the€Courtððs€previously„articulated€standard€forÏreviewing€an€agencyððs€interpretation€of€a€statute€that€requires€consideration€of€specified€factorsÏwithout€prescribing€how€the€factors€should€be€considered.€€òòSeeóó€òòCoal€Employment€Project€v.Ð $X" ÐDoleóó,€889€F.2d€1127€(D.C.€Cir.€1989).€€Whether€EPAððs€treatment€of€the€visibility€benefit€factorÐ à%0!$ Ðof€section€169A(g)(2)€is€reasonable€is€an€issue€that€must€be€resolved€under€Step€2€of€the€òòChevronóóÐ ¸'#& Ðdoctrine,€and€EPAððs€reading€of€the€statute€is€sufficiently€rational€to€merit€deference.€€òòSeeóóÐ )à$( ÐòòChevron€U.S.A.,€Inc.€v.€Natural€Res.€Def.€Council,€Inc.óó,€467€U.S.€837,€842„43€(1984).Ð h+¸&* Ðà  àòòThe€Issues€Are€Of€Exceptional€Importanceóó.€€The€BART€provisions€of€the€Haze€Rule€areÐ ° Ðan€important€element€of€the€Clean€Air€Actððs€program€for€protecting€visibility€in€our€nationalÏparks€and€wilderness€areas€(also€known€as€ð ðClass€I€areasðð).€€Visibility€in€almost€all€Class€I€areasÏhas€been€seriously€degraded.€€Emissions€from€power€plants€ð ðhave€cast,€or€threaten€to€cast,€a€pallððÏover€ð ðareas€of€breathtaking€panoramaðð€in€places€such€as€the€Grand€Canyon.€€H.R.€Rep.€No.€95„¼294€at€203„4€(1977),€reprinted€in€4€òòA€Legislative€History€Of€The€Clean€Air€Act€Amendments€ofÐ è 8  Ð1977óó,€(Comm.€Print€1978),€at€2670„71.€€The€sources€covered€by€the€BART€provisionsÐ À  Ðcollectively€emit€more€than€five€million€tons€of€sulfur€dioxide,€the€single€biggest€contributor€toÏvisibility€impairment€in€the€East,€and€a€significant€component€of€haze€in€the€West.€€Pursuant€toÏCongressðð€mandate€to€remedy€regional€haze,€EPA€developed€the€Haze€Rule€to€reduce€emissionsÏfrom€these€sources,€whose€precise€individual€contributions€to€downwind€visibility€impairmentÏcan€not€be€readily€quantified.€€The€majorityððs€decision€requires€the€full€Courtððs€review€because€itÏsignificantly€restricts€EPAððs€ability€to€fulfill€the€Actððs€mandate€to€remedy€visibility€impairment.€ÏIn€effect,€the€panelððs€opinion€would€call€upon€EPA€to€use€a€regulatory€approach€ð!ð€€source„by„¼source€analysis€of€visibility€impairment€ð!ð€€that€the€National€Academy€of€Sciences€characterizedÏas€ð ðdoomed€to€failure.ðð€€òòSeeóó€EPA€Br.€at€32,€citing€JA361.Ð X ¨ Ðà@ww&ìàòòò òÔ& ° ÔSTATEMENTó óóóˆÐ 0"€  Ðà  à€1.€€SectionÔ'°0"©Ô€169A(a)(4)€of€the€Act€requires€EPA€to€adopt€regulations€that€will€ensureÏreasonable€progress€toward€the€national€goal€of€preventing€any€future,€and€remedying€anyÏexisting,€impairment€of€visibility€in€mandatory€Class€I€federal€areas€that€results€from€manmadeÏair€pollution.€€42€U.S.C.€ðð€7491(a)(4).€€Frustrated€by€the€lack€of€progress€in€combating€regionalÏhaze,€Congress€amended€the€Actððs€visibility€protection€provisions€in€1990€to€require€that€EPAÐ h+¸&* Ðtake€several€steps,€culminating€in€a€reiteration€of€the€obligation€to€fulfill€its€regulatory€duties.€€42ÏU.S.C.€ðð€7492(e).€€The€specific€duty€at€issue€here€is€that€in€section€Ô_Ô169A(b)(2)(A),Ô_Ô€whichÏobligates€EPA€to€require€that€state€implementation€plans€(ð ðSIPsðð)€include€a€requirement€thatÏð ðeach€major€stationary€source€[which€was€placed€into€operation€between€1962€and€1977]€.€.€.Ïwhich,€as€determined€by€the€State€.€.€.€emits€any€air€pollutant€which€may€reasonably€beÏanticipated€to€cause€or€contribute€to€any€impairment€of€visibility€in€any€[Class€I€area]€.€.€.€shallÏprocure,€install,€and€operate€.€.€.€the€best€available€retrofit€technologyðð€to€control€such€emissions.€Ï42€U.S.C.€ðð€7491(b)(2)(A).€€Once€a€State€concludes,€pursuant€to€its€inquiry€under€sectionÏ169A(b)(2)(A),€that€a€source€is€subject€to€BART€controls,€the€State€must€identify€a€specificÏemission€control€technology€appropriate€for€that€source€and€impose€emission€limits€thatÏcorrespond€to€the€use€of€such€controls.€€The€Act€provides:ÌÓÓà8  àIn€determining€best€available€retrofit€technology€the€State€.€.€.€shall€take€intoÏconsideration€the€costs€of€compliance,€the€energy€and€nonair€qualityÏenvironmental€impacts€of€compliance,€any€existing€pollution€control€technologyÏin€use€at€the€source,€the€remaining€useful€life€of€the€source,€and€the€degree€ofÏimprovement€in€visibility€which€may€reasonably€be€anticipated€to€result€from€theÏuse€of€such€technology.ÓÓÐ Ð Ð  Ð42€U.S.C.€ðð€7491(g)(2).€€Each€State€must€adopt€visibility€improvement€measures€in€accordanceÏwith€EPA€regulations€and€submit€them€to€EPA€for€SIP€approval.€€42€U.S.C.€ðððð€7491(b)€andÏ7410(a).Ìà  à2.€€To€guide€States€in€preparing€their€SIPs,€the€Haze€Rule€calls€for€States€to€take€aÏcollective€view€of€source€contributions€to€both€the€formation€and€the€reduction€of€visibilityÏimpairment€in€Class€I€areas.€€64€Fed.€Reg.€35,714,€35,740€(July€1,€1999).€€Under€EPAððsÏcollective€approach,€a€major€stationary€source€falls€within€the€ambit€of€the€Haze€Ruleððs€BARTÐ |*Ì%) Ðprovisions€if€the€State€in€which€that€source€is€situated€determines€that€the€source€emits€visibility„¼impairing€pollutants€within€a€geographic€area€from€which€pollutants€can€be€transportedÏdownwind€to€a€Class€I€area.€€òòId.óó€€The€statute€contains€no€requirement€that€a€State€make€aÐ `° Ðquantitative€demonstration€that€the€pollutants€emitted€òòbyóó€òòthatóó€òòspecificóó€òòsourceóó€are€impairingÐ 8 ˆ Ðvisibility€in€the€Class€I€area€by€any€particular€amount€before€it€finds€that€BART€applies€to€thatÏsource.׃×Ý ƒ@ÃßÝòòòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóóò òÔôÿôÿôÿÔÔ ô D è 8 Ô/ó óóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ô D  Ðà  àIn€the€subsequent€step€of€setting€a€source„specific€emission€limit€that€corresponds€withÏthe€use€of€retrofit€technology,€the€Haze€Rule€provides€guidelines€to€States€for€considering€the€fiveÏstatutory€factors€in€section€169A(g)(2).€€64€Fed.€Reg.€at€35,740„41.€€The€Haze€Rule€directs€theÏStates€to€consider€the€four€cost€factors€on€a€source„specific€basis€but€to€consider€the€fifth€factor,Ïwhich€concerns€the€degree€of€improvement€in€visibility€at€a€Class€I€area€expected€from€theÏapplication€of€BART€controls,€on€an€aggregate€or€collective€basis.€€òòId.óó€at€35,741.€Ð T Ðà  à3.€a.€€The€panel€majority€(Judges€Edwards€and€Randolph)€concluded,€under€Step€1€ofÏòòChevronóó,€that€the€language€in€section€169A(g)(2)€is€unambiguous€and€that€the€ð ðsplitting€of€theÐ ´ Ðstatutory€factors€is€consistent€with€neither€the€text€nor€the€structure€of€the€statute.ðð€€Slip€op.€at€10.€Ïòòóóð ðThe€language€of€ðð€169A(g)(2)€can€be€read€in€no€other€way.€€To€treat€one€of€the€five€statutoryÐ d ´ Ðfactors€in€such€a€dramatically€different€fashion€distorts€the€judgment€Congress€directed€the€StatesÏto€make€for€each€BART„eligible€source.ðð€€òòId.óó€Ð $d" Ðà  àb.€€Judge€Garland,€dissenting,€emphasized€that€ð ð[a]ll€that€is€required€is€that€the€state€ððtakeÐ ì%